Структура и закономерности науки

Cardiovascular MR imaging (CVMR) has become a valuable diagnostic imaging modality for the non-invasive detection cardiovascular diseases. In this review, first key concepts and practical considerations of parallel CVMR are outlined. Next, highly accelerated CVMR applications are reviewed, ranging from cardiac anatomical and functional assessment to myocardial perfusion and viability to MR angiography of the coronary arteries and the large vessels. Finally, current trends, including the broad move towards high field imaging, and future directions in highly parallel CVMR are considered..

Robustness of Mission Plans for Unmanned Aircraft.

This thesis studies the robustness of optimal mission plans for unmanned aircraft. Mission planning typically involves tactical planning and path planning. Tactical planning refers to task scheduling and in multi aircraft scenarios also includes establishing a communication topology. Path planning refers to computing a feasible and collision-free trajectory. For a prototypical mission planning problem, the traveling salesman problem on a weighted graph, the robustness of an optimal tour is analyzed with respect to changes to the edge costs. Specifically, the stability region of an optimal tour is obtained, i.e., the set of all edge cost perturbations for which that tour is optimal. The exact stability region of solutions to variants of the traveling salesman problems is obtained from a linear programming relaxation of an auxiliary problem. Edge cost tolerances and edge criticalities are derived from the stability region. For Euclidean traveling salesman problems, robustness with respect to perturbations to vertex locations is considered and safe radii and vertex criticalities are introduced. For weighted-sum multi-objective problems, stability regions with respect to changes in the objectives, weights, and simultaneous changes are given. Most critical weight perturbations are derived. Computing exact stability regions is intractable for large instances. Therefore, tractable approximations are desirable. The stability region of solutions to relaxations of the traveling salesman problem give under approximations and sets of tours give over approximations. The application of these results to the two-neighborhood and the minimum 1-tree relaxation are discussed. Bounds on edge cost tolerances and approximate criticalities are obtainable likewise. A minimum spanning tree is an optimal communication topology for minimizing the cumulative transmission power in multi aircraft missions. The stability region of a minimum spanning tree is given and tolerances, stability balls, and criticalities are derived. This analysis is extended to Euclidean minimum spanning trees. This thesis aims at enabling increased mission performance by providing means of assessing the robustness and optimality of a mission and methods for identifying critical elements. Examples of the application to mission planning in contested environments, cargo aircraft mission planning, multi-objective mission planning, and planning optimal communication topologies for teams of unmanned aircraft are given.PhDAerospace EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/120837/1/mniendo_1.pd

Lightweight, self-evacuated insulation panels

Multilayer insulation of prefabricated panels is developed for cryogenic storage tanks. System utilizes panels of aluminized Mylar separated by sheets of low conductivity polyurethane foam. Panels are self-evacuated by cryopumping of gaseous carbon dioxide at time of use

The human right to education in the German school system: What will it take to reduce discrimination

The present analysis is intended as to help shift human rights more into the focus of discussions on education and educational justice, particularly with respect to protection against discrimination. Protection against discrimination, as a structural principle of human rights, is integral to all of them. All human beings are equally entitled to human rights on the basis of their humanity, and human rights are not guaranteed unless everyone can exercise them without encountering discrimination. Thus education, as a human right, entails the recognition of equal rights for all. The publication is a slightly revised excerpt from the German publication "Das Menschenrecht auf Bildung im deutschen Schulsystem: Was zum Abbau von Diskriminierung notwendig ist"

The (un)conscious mouse as a model for human brain functions: key principles of anesthesia and their impact on translational neuroimaging

In recent years, technical and procedural advances have brought functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to the field of murine neuroscience. Due to its unique capacity to measure functional activity non-invasively, across the entire brain, fMRI allows for the direct comparison of large-scale murine and human brain functions. This opens an avenue for bidirectional translational strategies to address fundamental questions ranging from neurological disorders to the nature of consciousness. The key challenges of murine fMRI are: (1) to generate and maintain functional brain states that approximate those of calm and relaxed human volunteers, while (2) preserving neurovascular coupling and physiological baseline conditions. Low-dose anesthetic protocols are commonly applied in murine functional brain studies to prevent stress and facilitate a calm and relaxed condition among animals. Yet, current mono-anesthesia has been shown to impair neural transmission and hemodynamic integrity. By linking the current state of murine electrophysiology, Ca(2+) imaging and fMRI of anesthetic effects to findings from human studies, this systematic review proposes general principles to design, apply and monitor anesthetic protocols in a more sophisticated way. The further development of balanced multimodal anesthesia, combining two or more drugs with complementary modes of action helps to shape and maintain specific brain states and relevant aspects of murine physiology. Functional connectivity and its dynamic repertoire as assessed by fMRI can be used to make inferences about cortical states and provide additional information about whole-brain functional dynamics. Based on this, a simple and comprehensive functional neurosignature pattern can be determined for use in defining brain states and anesthetic depth in rest and in response to stimuli. Such a signature can be evaluated and shared between labs to indicate the brain state of a mouse during experiments, an important step toward translating findings across species

Electrodynamics and radiofrequency antenna concepts for human magnetic resonance at 23.5 T (1 GHz) and beyond

Objective: This work investigates electrodynamic constraints, explores RF antenna concepts and examines the transmission fields (B 1 + ) and RF power deposition of dipole antenna arrays for 1H magnetic resonance of the human brain at 1 GHz (23.5 T). Materials and methods: Electromagnetic field (EMF) simulations are performed in phantoms with average tissue simulants for dipole antennae using discrete frequencies [300 MHz (7.0 T) to 3 GHz (70.0 T)]. To advance to a human setup EMF simulations are conducted in anatomical human voxel models of the human head using a 20-element dipole array operating at 1 GHz. Results: Our results demonstrate that transmission fields suitable for 1H MR of the human brain can be achieved at 1 GHz. An increase in transmit channel density around the human head helps to enhance B 1 + in the center of the brain. The calculated relative increase in specific absorption rate at 23.5 versus 7.0 T was below 1.4 (in-phase phase setting) and 2.7 (circular polarized phase setting) for the dipole antennae array. Conclusion: The benefits of multi-channel dipole antennae at higher frequencies render MR at 23.5 T feasible from an electrodynamic standpoint. This very preliminary finding opens the door on further explorations that might be catalyzed into a 20-T class human MR system

Обучение персонала как инструмент реализации стратегических целей на предприятиях нефтегазовой отрасли

Объектом исследования является система управления образовательным процессом и принятия решений. Целостная система подготовки персонала, включающая повышение квалификации кадров, рост мотивации, раскрытие потенциала работников, развитие производства, техническое обновление, формирование корпоративной культуры, является образовательной политикой общества ОАО «НК «Роснефть». Предметом исследования является образовательная деятельность открытого акционерного общества ОАО «НК «Роснефть». Цель работы - изучение теоретических и методологических подходов к проблеме обучения персонала, методов стимулирования и совершенствования системы обучения персонал, анализ практики обучения персонала на примере ОАО «НК» Роснефть». В данной выпускной работе были описаны методы симулирования и совершенствования системы обучения; рассмотрены теоретические аспекты обучения персонала на предприятии; изучен порядок работы по обучению персонала и систематизированы методы обучения; проанализированы процессы организационного обучения персонала в ОАО «НК» Роснефть» и влияние на эффективность работы организации.The object of study is the system of management of educational process and decision-making. A coherent system of staff training that includes skills development, increased motivation, potential employees, the development of production, technical renewal, formation of corporate culture is the educational policy of JSC "NK "Rosneft". The subject of research is the educational activities of open joint stock company OAO "NK "Rosneft". Purpose - study of theoretical and methodological approaches to the problem of personnel training, methods of stimulation and improvement of the teaching staff, analysis of the practice of personnel training on the example of JSC "NK" Rosneft". In this graduation work was described simulation and improvement of the system of education; theoretical aspects of personnel training at the enterprise; studied work arrangements for staff training and systematic teaching methods; analyzed the processes of organizational learning of staff of JSC "NK" Rosneft" and its influence on the efficiency of the organization

Rigid open-cell polyurethane foam for cryogenic insulation

Lightweight polyurethane foam assembled in panels is effective spacer material for construction of self-evacuating multilayer insulation panels for cryogenic liquid tanks. Spacer material separates radiation shields with barrier that minimizes conductive and convective heat transfer between shields