Proceedings of the MARESEC 2022

The second European Workshop on Maritime Systems Resilience and Security (MARESEC) was dedicated to the research on Resilience, Security, Technology and related Ethical, Legal, and Social Aspects (ELSA) in the context of Maritime Systems, including but not restricted to (Offshore/Onshore) Infrastructures, Navigation and Shipping and Autonomous Systems. The event, which was organized by the Institute for the Protection of Maritime Infrastructures of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), occurred in a hybrid manner on June, 20th 2022. It counted on 79 participants online and onside at the Fischbahnhof, Bremerhaven, Germany. Out of all submitted extended abstracts, 24 submissions had been selected for presentation. Additionally, 2 works of undergraduate and graduate students have been presented (the final schedule can be found in the appendix). The authors are affiliated to institutions from Canada, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Greece, Norway, Poland, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States

Knee-Deep in Two "bathtubs'': Extending Holling's Ecological Resilience Concept for Critical Infrastructure Modeling and Applying It to an Offshore Wind Farm

Multistability is a common phenomenon which naturally occurs in complex networks. Many engineered infrastructures can be represented as complex networks of interacting components and sub-systems which possess the tendency to exhibit multistability. For analyzing infrastructure resilience, it thus seems fitting to consider a conceptual framework which incorporates the phenomenon of multistability – the ecological resilience provides such a framework. However, we note that the ecological resilience misses some aspects of infrastructure resilience. We therefore propose to complement the concept by two model extensions which consider the generation of perturbations to the infrastructure service and the remedial actions of service restoration after regime shifts. The result is a three-layer framework for modeling infrastructure resilience. We demonstrate this framework in an exemplary disturbance scenario in an offshore wind farm. Based on this use case, we further demonstrate that infrastructure resilience can benefit a lot from the notion of multistability

Estimating Hydrogen Usage of a Crew Transport Vessel Fleet for Offshore Windfarm Maintenance

Using hydrogen fuel may help to decarbonize maritime transportation. This paper presents an estimate for the mass of hydrogen that would be needed to power the current fleet of crew transport vessels used for maintaining the German offshore wind farms. The estimate is based on a calculation of the marine diesel oil consumption of the current fleet. We use vessel position data, weather data, and diesel consumption estimates to perform this calculation. Various hull shapes are used in small coastal vessels. This creates a challenge to estimate their energy needs. As a shortcoming, certain effects are excluded from the current estimate. However, this work presents an approach that can be improved and used for estimating hydrogen consumption in future scenarios. In these scenarios, a vessel type and parameters can be set. While here the challenge was to create a generic model that can be applied to multiple types of vessels

Dangerous Goods in Maritime Transport: Assessment of Container Scanning as Means of Risk Mitigation

Maritime accidents caused by misdeclared dangerous goods have resulted in significant losses over recent years. We study if the amount of these accidents could be reduced by scanning the cargo containers in a port before they are loaded to ship. A combination of methods was used to address this question. We present a summary of findings for our review of accidents caused by dangerous goods. We used this review as a basis for a risk assessment that consisted of risk identification and a failure mode and effect analysis. The operational implications of a scanner were further assessed using a single server queue model. This study considers a novel muon scanner technology that could mitigate the risk of accidental radiation exposure. The exact operational parameters of these scanners are not public. So, we performed a sensitivity analysis with different scanning parameters. Our results and conducted expert interviews show that scanning the containers can reduce the risk. However, this practice may create new operational challenges regarding managing detected misdeclared containers

Partial Camera Obstruction Detection Using Single Value Image Metrics and Data Augmentation

To improve the resilience and ensure the dependability of a critical system, the measurements and the derived intelligence provided by the sensors monitoring the system need to be reliable. This is increasingly challenging. As the computer vision methods evolve, the usage of cameras as a part of monitoring solutions has increased, and, consequently, the need for reliable diagnosis strategies for those image-based sensors. This work investigates the suitability of various single-value image metrics, derived from first and second-order statistics, for detecting partial camera obstruction. The presented methodology includes using data augmentation techniques to expand a small dataset of labeled images, and a score-based selection of the best metrics for the target application. The results show that even simple first-order statistics, such as the image histogram skewness, can provide good detection results. The strategy presented could be extended and adapted for the detection of other types of physical anomalies, being particularly useful for integrity assessment in applications with limited computational resources

The COSMICS (Container Scanning by Muon-based Imaging using Cosmic rayS) Project; an introduction and preliminary results

Muon tomography represents a new and promising imaging technique, making use of ambient high-energy cosmic ray muons to generate images of three-dimensional volumes. The technique predominantly combines measurements of the Coulomb scattering of muons with sophisticated analysis methods to estimate the composition of objects and their distribution within an unknown volume. The COSMICS project will use this technique to design a passive tomographic system capable of detecting the presence of high atomic mass materials within a shipping container. The initial physics simulation studies are presented in this work. Consideration is also given to the ethical and legal concerns associated with the development of such a system and the impact on low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Initial studies into potential risk scenarios relating to the trade of illicit and counterfeit goods have been undertaken, and a data-driven pre-screening concept is outlined

Modeling resilience of German offshore energy infrastructures

German energy strategy relies heavily on energy produced in offshore wind farms. Initially, the strategy was motivated by environmental factors, but the present crisis in Ukraine has further motivated the strategy by bringing into focus the geopolitical risks related to fossil fuels. While the strategy counters certain risks, it introduces new challenges. Increasing the percentage of the renewable energy mixture creates an issue with disconnected supply and demand for energy. The plan is to solve this issue with Power-to-X technologies that convert the surplus energy to another form such as hydrogen that can be stored more easily. Subsequently, this plan requires new infrastructures to be build and protected. As energy supply is essential for societal well-being, it is likely that all these facilities will be deemed critical infrastructures, as it is already the case for offshore wind farms. The global trend is to shift from critical infrastructure protection to resilience. In EU, this has led to a new directive on critical entities resilience. Where the resilience means the ability to prevent, resist, mitigate, absorb, accommodate to and recover from an incident. The new directive creates an incentive to model and quantify infrastructure resilience to make effective investments to enhance it. This presentation introduces our approach to model offshore installation’s resilience. It relies on system modeling to measure the impact of disturbances in combination with operation and maintenance model to assess the speed of recovery. The presentation shows how different scenarios can be represented in the model to test the infrastructure resilience and inform investment decisions

Validation of copula-based weather generator for maintenance model of offshore wind farm

This article discusses the aspect of modelling weather conditions in marine environment for implementation in the offshore wind farm domain. It is clear that harsh sea weather conditions influence many characteristics of any offshore installation. The accessibility to the infrastructure, maintenance procedures, failure ratios of components, energy provision levels, or utilization of vessels – are the examples of weather-related issues connected to the offshore wind industry. Regarding the growing popularity of digital twin methodology authors present a novel view to generate weather data with copula-based method. The results obtained are compared to selected historical data and implemented into the maintenance model. The selected indicators of maintenance service are used for usability assessment of proposed copula-based method

Application of synthetic weather time series based on four-dimensional copula for modeling of maritime operations

This paper presents an approach to generate synthetic wind speed and wave height series for maritime environments with a four-dimensional copula using the Copulas Python library. The intended use of the approach is to generate weather data for maritime infrastructure operations modeling. For example, the ability to built and maintain offshore wind farms depends on the weather. The paper shows that this approach corrects a wave series discontinuity issue that was observed in an approach that was developed for a similar purpose. Overall, the results show that the proposed approach can produce credible weather time series. The series can be used for modeling so-called weather windows, which determine the times when maritime infrastructure can be accessed