Tehnologije preciznog stočarstva u praćenju dobrobiti životinja: pregledni rad

Precision Livestock Farming is the use of technology to help farmers monitor and manage their animals and their farm. Precision Livestock Farming technologies can be used to improve not only animal welfare and health, but also production. Automated measures reflecting the welfare of an animal can be related to its environment, and to the behaviour and physiology of the animal, as well as its position relative to environmental features. We need to ensure that the automatic measures we record reflect the type of behavioural or physiological changes we are interested in. Other aspects to consider are space and time, in terms of variable environmental conditions and animal-related changes that occur gradually. Different types of equipment can be used for measuring behaviour automatically, and these are either attached to, interacting with, or remote from the animal. A combination of these is often the most efficient method, but it is also more complex to manage. There are also species differences as to what is feasible. Small farms are unlikely to be able to afford the type of equipment used by larger enterprises, and we need to put more effort into finding Precision Livestock Farming technologies that can work for the smallholder. The use of Precision Livestock Farming technologies for efficient animal welfare monitoring in practice requires affordable, reliable, and easy-to-use equipment, providing data that reflect – adequately and in real-time – different aspects of the state of the welfare of animals within the herd.Precizno stočarstvo uključuje primjenu tehnologija koje stočarima pomažu pri praćenju i upravljanju njihovim životinjama i farmom. Tim se tehnologijama mogu unaprijediti ne samo zdravlje i dobrobit životinja nego i proizvodnja. Automatizirani načini mjerenja koji pokazuju dobrobit životinje mogu se odnositi na njezin okoliš, ponašanje i fiziologiju, kao i na njezin položaj s obzirom na značajke okoliša. Cilj je mjerenjem osigurati dobivanje ponašajnih i fizioloških promjena koje nas zanimaju. Drugi aspekti koje treba uzeti u obzir jesu prostor i vrijeme, s obzirom na promjenjive uvjete okoliša i promjene vezane uz životinju do kojih s vremenom dolazi. Za automatizirano mjerenje ponašanja mogu se upotrijebiti različiti tipovi opreme koji se mogu postaviti na životinju, koji su na neki način povezani sa životinjom ili mogu biti udaljeni od nje. Premda je najzahtjevnija, kombinacija ovih metoda obično je i najučinkovitija. Izvodivost osim toga ovisi i o vrsnim razlikama. Male farme obično si ne mogu priuštiti opremu kao što to mogu velike te je potrebno uložiti više napora u pronalaženje tehnologijskih rješenja kojima će se moći koristiti male farme. Njihova primjena za učinkovito praćenje dobrobiti životinja zahtijeva dostupnu i sigurnu opremu kojom se lako rukuje i kojom se pravodobno dobivaju odgovarajući podaci upotrebljivi za različite aspekte dobrobiti zivotinja unutar stadu

Olfaction: An Overlooked Sensory Modality in Applied Ethology and Animal Welfare

Birte L. Nielsen [et al.]Peer reviewe

Crying with laughter: adapting the tickling protocol to address individual differences among rats in their response to playful handling

International audienc

Odour conditioning of positive affective states: Rats can learn to associate an odour with being tickled.

Most associative learning tests in rodents use negative stimuli, such as electric shocks. We investigated if young rats can learn to associate the presence of an odour with the experience of being tickled (i.e. using an experimenter’s hand to mimic rough-and-tumble play), shown to elicit 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalisations (USVs), which are indicative of positive affect. Male, pair-housed Wistar rats (N = 24) were all exposed to two neutral odours (A and B) presented in a perforated container on alternate days in a test arena. Following 60s of exposure, the rats were either tickled on days when odour A (n = 8) or odour B (n = 8) was present, or never tickled (n = 8). When tickled, rats produced significantly more 50 kHz USVs compared to the days when not being tickled, and compared to control rats. The level of anticipatory 50 kHz USVs in the 60s prior to tickling did not differ significantly between the tickled and control rats. As a retrieval test following the odour conditioning, rats were exposed successively in the same arena to three odours: an unknown neutral odour, extract of fox faeces, and either odours A or B. Compared to controls, 50 kHz USVs of tickled rats increased when exposed to the odour they had previously experienced when tickled, indicating that these rats had learned to associate the odour with the positive experience of being tickled. In a test with free access for 5 min to both arms of a T-maze, each containing one of the odours, rats tickled with odour A spent more time in the arm with this odour. This work is the first to test in a fully balanced design whether rats can learn to associate an odour with tickling, and indicates that positive odour conditioning has potential to be used as an alternative to negative conditioning tests

Lameness affects cow feeding but not rumination behaviour as characterised from sensor data

Using automatic sensor data, this is the first study to characterize individual cow feeding and rumination behavior simultaneously as affected by lameness. A group of mixedparity, lactating Holstein cows were loose-housed with free access to 24 cubicles and 12 automatic feed stations. Cows were milked three times/day. Fresh feed was delivered once daily. During 24 days with effectively 22 days of data, 13,908 feed station visits and 7,697 rumination events obtained from neck-mounted accelerometers on 16 cows were analyzed. During the same period, cows were locomotion scored on four occasions and categorized as lame (n = 9) or not lame (n = 7) throughout the study. Rumination time, number of rumination events, feeding time, feeding frequency, feeding rate, feed intake, and milk yield were calculated per day, and coefficients of variation were used to estimate variation between and within cows. Based on daily sums, using each characteristic as response, the effects of lameness and stage of lactation were tested in a mixed model. With rumination time as response, each of the four feeding characteristics, milk yield, and lameness were tested in a second mixed model. On a visit basis, effects of feeding duration, lameness, and milk yield on feed intake were tested in a third mixed model. Overall, intra-individual variation was <15% and inter-individual variation was up to 50%. Lameness introduced more inter-individual variation in feeding characteristics (26–50%) compared to non-lame cows (17–29%). Lameness decreased daily feeding time and daily feeding frequency, but increased daily feeding rate. Interestingly, lameness did not affect daily rumination behaviors, fresh matter intake, or milk yield. On a visit basis, a high feeding rate was associated with a higher feed intake, a relationship that was exacerbated in the lame cows. In conclusion, cows can be characterized in particular by their feeding behavior, and lame cows differ from their non-lame pen-mates in terms of fewer feed station visits, faster eating, less time spent feeding, and more variable feeding behavior. Further, daily rumination time was slightly negatively associated with feeding rate, a relationship which calls for more research to quantify rumination efficiency relative to feeding rate

Odor exploration behavior of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa) as indicator of enriching properties of odors

Introduction and aim: Although the sense of smell in pigs is widely recognized as being highly developed, surprisingly little is known about their sensory ability. This study aimed to (a) identify which non-social odors pigs were able to detect and distinguish between, (b) investigate the types of behavior expressed when exploring odors and, (c) compare pigs’ responses to the different odors to evaluate their interest in the odors.Methods: Growing pigs (N = 192) of crossbred commercial breeds were enrolled in the experiment (32–110 days of age, weighing 64.9 ± 10.1kg). Littermate pairs of opposite sex were tested in test pens with two odor insertion points in the pen wall, 55 cm apart. All pigs were habituated to the test pens and experimenters. Twelve odors were tested (eight essential oils and four synthetic perfumes) in groups of three odors, with each pig pair tested once with one set of three odors (all possible orders of the three odors were tested on 24 pairs in total), always against a non-odor control (demineralized water). In a test, each of the three odors were presented during three trials in a row (a total of 9 trials per test; trial duration: 1 min; inter-trial breaks: 2 min; total test duration: 25 min). Response variables included: duration of sniffing, feeding-related behavior (licking, biting and rooting), agonistic behavior (biting, displacement and pushing) and no approach of the odor or control, recorded throughout each 1-min odor presentation.Results: All pigs sniffed an odor less when repeatedly presented (LMM: all odors P Conclusion: Collectively, pigs express sniffing, agonistic, and feeding-related behavior when exploring odors, which suggests that pigs perceive odors of non-social origin as a resource. Odors may thus constitute relevant enrichment material for pigs

Catalytic reactor for operando spatially resolved structure–activity profiling using high-energy X-ray diffraction

In heterogeneous catalysis, operando measurements probe catalysts in their active state and are essential for revealing complex catalyst structure–activity relationships. The development of appropriate operando sample environments for spatially resolved studies has come strongly into focus in recent years, particularly when coupled to the powerful and multimodal characterization tools available at synchrotron light sources. However, most catalysis studies at synchrotron facilities only measure structural information about the catalyst in a spatially resolved manner, whereas gas analysis is restricted to the reactor outlet. Here, a fully automated and integrated catalytic profile reactor setup is shown for the combined measurement of temperature, gas composition and high-energy X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles, using the oxidative de­hydrogenation of C$_{2}$H$_{6}$ to C$_{2}$H$_{4}$ over MoO$_{3}$/γ-Al$_{2}$O$_{3}$ as a test system. The profile reactor methodology was previously developed for X-ray absorption spectroscopy and is here extended for operando XRD. The profile reactor is a versatile and accessible research tool for combined spatially resolved structure–activity profiling, enabling the use of multiple synchrotron-based characterization methods to promote a knowledge-based optimization of a wide range of catalytic systems in a time- and resource-efficient wa