Inulin-grown Faecalibacterium prausnitzii cross-feeds fructose to the human intestinal epithelium

Many chronic diseases are associated with decreased abundance of the gut commensal Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. This strict anaerobe can grow on dietary fibers, e.g., prebiotics, and produce high levels of butyrate, often associated to epithelial metabolism and health. However, little is known about other F. prausnitzii metabolites that may affect the colonic epithelium. Here, we analyzed prebiotic cross-feeding between F. prausnitzii and intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells in a “Human-oxygen Bacteria-anaerobic” coculture system. Inulin-grown F. prausnitzii enhanced Caco-2 viability and suppressed inflammation- and oxidative stress-marker expression. Inulin-grown F. prausnitzii produced excess butyrate and fructose, but only fructose efficiently promoted Caco-2 growth. Finally, fecal microbial taxonomy analysis (16S sequencing) from healthy volunteers (n = 255) showed the strongest positive correlation for F. prausnitzii abundance and stool fructose levels. We show that fructose, produced and accumulated in a fiber-rich colonic environment, supports colonic epithelium growth, while butyrate does not

A randomized controlled trial of nonoperative treatment versus open reduction and internal fixation for stable, displaced, partial articular fractures of the radial head: The RAMBO trial

Background: The choice between operative or nonoperative treatment is questioned for partial articular fractures of the radial head that have at least 2 millimeters of articular step-off on at least one radiograph (defined as displaced), but less than 2 millimeter of gap between the fragments (defined as stable) and that are not associated with an elbow dislocation, interosseous ligament injury, or other fractures. These kinds of fractures are often classified as Mason type-2 fractures. Retrospective comparative studies suggest that operative treatment might be better than nonoperative treatment, but the long-term results of nonoperative treatment are very good. Most experts agree that problems like reduced range of motion, painful crepitation, nonunion or bony ankylosis are infrequent with both nonoperative and operative treatment of an isolated displaced partial articular fracture of the radial head, but determining which patients will have problems is difficult. A prospective, randomized comparison would help minimize bias and determine the balance between operative and nonoperative risks and benefits. Methods/Design. The RAMBO trial (Radial Head - Amsterdam - Amphia - Boston - Others) is an international prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. The primary objective of this study is to compare patient related outcome defined by the 'Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score' twelve months after injury between operative and nonoperative treated patients. Adult patients with partial articular fractures of the radial head that comprise at least 1/3rd of the articular surface, have ≥ 2 millimeters of articular step-off but less than 2 millimeter of gap between the fragments will be enrolled. Secondary outcome measures will be the Mayo Elbow Performance Index (MEPI), the Oxford Elbow Score (OES), pain intensity through the 'Numeric Rating Scale', range of motion (flexion arc and rotational arc), radiographic appearance of the fracture (heterotopic ossification, radiocapitellar and ulnohumeral arthrosis, fracture healing, and signs of implant loosening or breakage) and adverse events (infection, nerve injury, secondary interventions) after one year. Discussion. The successful completion of this trial will provide evidence on the best treatment for stable, displaced, partial articular fractures of the radial head. Trial registration. The trial is registered at the Dutch Trial Register: NTR3413

Vuurwerkletsel in Zuidwest-Nederland rond de jaarwisseling 2017-2018

OBJECTIVE: To report the number of patients with firework-related injuries treated in December 2017 and January 2018 in a hospital in the south-west Netherlands trauma region, and to provide details about the types of firework used and the specific injuries. DESIGN: A prospective multicentre cohort study (NTR6793). METHODS: Patients of all ages with firework-related injuries were eligible for inclusion. The injury had to have been sustained between 1 December 2017 and 31 January 2018, and treated at a hospital in the south-west Netherlands trauma region (approximately 2.5 million inhabitants). Data were extracted from patients' medical files and additional information was obtained from patient interviews. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients were included. The majority were male (93%) and the median age was 15 years. Twenty-five (46%) patients were bystanders and 12 (22%) were injured by illegal fireworks. Fifty patients were injured by bangers (n=22) or decorative fireworks (n=28). The patients had a total of 79 injuries, of which 29 (37%) were localised to the upper extremity and 19 (24%) to the eyes. Most upper extremity injuries were burns (69%), primarily partial thickness. Of the eye injuries, 14 were caused by blunt trauma, seven by chemical trauma, and one by penetrating trauma. Three patients sustained indirect firework-related injuries. CONCLUSION: Between 1 December 2017 and 31 January 2018 in the south-west Netherlands trauma region mainly teenage males and bystanders sustained firework-related injuries. Most injuries were upper extremity burns and eye injuries, mainly due to legal fireworks and bangers or decorative fireworks. The extent of the sample indicatDoel Een volledig overzicht geven van het aantal vuurwerkslachtoffers dat in december 2017 en januari 2018 behandeld werd in een ziekenhuis in de traumaregio Zuidwest-Nederland, het gebruikte soort vuurwerk en de specifieke letsels. Opzet Een prospectieve, multicentrische cohortstudie (NTR6793). Methode Patiënten van alle leeftijden met vuurwerkletsel kwamen in aanmerking voor inclusie. Het letsel moest zijn ontstaan in de periode 1 december 2017-31 januari 2018 en zijn behandeld in een ziekenhuis in de traumaregio Zuidwest-Nederland (circa 2,5 miljoen inwoners). Gegevens werden verzameld vanuit het patiëntendossier en aanvullende gegevens werden verkregen tijdens een interview. Resultaten Er werden 54 patiënten geïncludeerd. Het overgrote deel betrof mannen (93%) en de mediane leeftijd was 15 jaar. 25 gewonden (46%) waren omstander en 12 mensen (22%) raakten gewond door illegaal vuurwerk. Van de 54 patiënten raakten er 50 gewond door knalvuurwerk (n = 22) of siervuurwerk (n = 28). De 54 geïncludeerde patiënten hadden 79 letsels; het letsel was 29 keer (37%) gelokaliseerd aan armen of handen en 19 keer (24%) aan de ogen. Letsel aan de arm of hand bestond voornamelijk uit brandwonden (69%), met name tweedegraads. Oogletsel werd 14 keer door stomp inwerkend geweld veroorzaakt, 7 keer door chemisch letsel en 1 keer werd het oog gepenetreerd. Er raakten 3 patiënten indirect gewond door vuurwerk. Conclusie In de traumaregio Zuidwest-Nederland raakten in de 2 maanden rond de jaarwisseling 2017-2018 vooral minderjarige mannen en omstanders gewond. Slachtoffers liepen met name brandwonden aan armen of handen of oogletsel op. De verwondingen waren met name het gevolg van legaal knal- en siervuurwerk. Door de omvang van de steekproef lijken de studiebevindingen goed te extrapoleren naar het gehele land

Research and Design of a Routing Protocol in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

无线传感器网络，作为全球未来十大技术之一，集成了传感器技术、嵌入式计算技术、分布式信息处理和自组织网技术，可实时感知、采集、处理、传输网络分布区域内的各种信息数据，在军事国防、生物医疗、环境监测、抢险救灾、防恐反恐、危险区域远程控制等领域具有十分广阔的应用前景。 本文研究分析了无线传感器网络的已有路由协议，并针对大规模的无线传感器网络设计了一种树状路由协议，它根据节点地址信息来形成路由，从而简化了复杂繁冗的路由表查找和维护，节省了不必要的开销，提高了路由效率，实现了快速有效的数据传输。 为支持此路由协议本文提出了一种自适应动态地址分配算——ADAR（AdaptiveDynamicAddre...As one of the ten high technologies in the future, wireless sensor network, which is the integration of micro-sensors, embedded computing, modern network and Ad Hoc technologies, can apperceive, collect, process and transmit various information data within the region. It can be used in military defense, biomedical, environmental monitoring, disaster relief, counter-terrorism, remote control of haz...学位：工学硕士院系专业：信息科学与技术学院通信工程系_通信与信息系统学号：2332007115216

Assessing and determining social sustainability:An Onset and an Attempt

In this chapter, the authors continue the systematisation by adding an assessment aid, although a word of caution is needed. They present different aspects that they believe are relevant to any notion of social sustainability. The authors operationalise social sustainability in terms of stakeholder, knowledge, learning and organisational issues, where the last can be seen in terms of co-ordination mechanisms and organisational structures. The chapter describes the instrument. In general, an instrument in the form of a questionnaire can have at least three forms. First, it can be a categorisation structure. Second, it is possible to attach ordinal scales to answers. Third, a questionnaire can have the form of a construct that is measured and of which the outcome is an indication of a certain correct or incorrect state of affairs. With respect to both the individual level of description and the various kinds of organisational levels of description, the authors try to operationalise units, teams, groups, firms and societies