775 research outputs found
A Review on Various Sensors Employed for Detecting Adulterants (Urea and Melamine) in Milk and Milk Products
Food safety is a critical concern globally, with increasing incidents of adulteration posing a significant threat to public health. Adulteration involves the addition of unauthorized substances to food products, compromising their quality and safety. The use of advanced sensor technologies for the detection of adulterants has gained prominence in recent years. There are various methods for detecting the urea and melamine used as an adulterant in milk but the use of sensor based technology has made it easy, fast, and accurate detection of food adulterants. A wide variety of biosensing approaches for the detection of urea adulteration in milk have been developed in recent years. This review article presents a comprehensive case study on various sensors used for spotting adulterants - Urea and Melamine, in milk and milk products, emphasizing their principles, applications, and effectivenes
Recurrent Pelvic Organ Prolapse
The treatment of recurrent pelvic organ prolapse is challenging. The pelvic floor symptom needs to be treated, a high quality of life has to be ensured and complications have to be minimized. There is a wide range of surgical options that may be used. The surgeon should be able to discuss and offer native tissue procedures for prolapse. In addition, for the clinically challenging situations of recurrent prolapse, mesh augmented procedures may need to be discussed with the patient. A thorough knowledge of mesh and graft options, as well as knowledge of prolapse recurrence and adverse events rate, can help guide clinicians in counseling their patients effectively. Ultimately, this will allow surgeons to choose a personalized treatment option that best align with a woman’s lifestyle and treatment goals. In this chapter the anatomical concepts of supports of vagina are elaborated. The pelvic diaphragm, lateral attachment of vagina to arcus tendineus fascia pelvis, intrinsic and extrinsic sphincter control mechanisms are elaborated. The surgical techniques of suspending the vaginal vault with autologous tissue and synthetic mesh are discussed. Finally, the role of minimally invasive surgery of pelvic floor is discussed as an integral part of management of recurrent vaginal prolapse
Ovarian Reserve
The human ovary is a complex structure that is controlled by endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine mechanisms. The number of eggs retrieved after controlled ovarian stimulation in in vitro fertilization depends on the physiological follicular reserve pool of ovaries. Ovarian reserve is decided genetically and decreases with advancing age and gets affected by ovarian surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and autoimmune disorders. Environmental influences like chronic smoking, hyperglycemia, and conditions interfering ovarian vascularity also reduce the ovarian reserve. This chapter summarizes the methods to assess the ovarian reserve. This helps in deciding the initiating dose of gonadotropins for controlled ovarian hyper stimulation for optimal follicular response
DETERMINATION OF VOLATILE BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM EXTRACTS OF BAEL (AEGLE MARMELOS) PLANT PARTS AND THEIR COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
 Objective: The main objective of this study is to determine the bioactive compounds from the extracts of wildly growing Aegle marmelos plant parts.Methods: A. marmelos root, stem, leaves, bark, fruit peel, and pulp were screened for the presence/absence of phytochemicals. Bioactive compounds in all the plant parts were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. For evaluation of bioactive compounds first, the column chromatography was done using various solvents and found that the methanolic extracts gave better elution and separation of compounds and hence used further for GC/MS analysis.Result: GC/MS analysis revealed chromatograms of methanol extract of A. marmelos plant parts, and all the plant parts were found to have a number of phytochemicals. Some compounds, namely, benzene, nitro-, benzenepropanoic acid, 3, 5-bis (1, 1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, methyl ester, and tetradecene were found in all parts with a varying percentage. Phenol only found in the fruit of the plant with more percentage in fruit peel (4.38%) than in fruit pulp (0.58%). Dibutyl phthalate is the major compound found in Aegle root (10.43%), fruit peel (34.56%), and pulp (13.18%). Other important compounds such as coumarin (2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one, 7-[(3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl)oxy]-, (E)-), skimmianine (Furo[2,3-b] quinoline, 4,7,8-trimethoxy-), and cyclobarbital were found in plant root.Conclusion: After the GC/MS analysis, it was concluded that all the parts of this wildly growing plant contain a significant amount of pharmaceutically important compounds
Time Dependent Inflammatory Changes Ensued in Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is being recognized as outstanding cause of mortality and functional disability worldwide. Besides various secondary cascades, a sequence of inflammatory changes takes place after TBI, whereas TNF-α is found to play a deleterious role in acute pathophysiological phase of TBI. TNF-α is being implicated in succession of other inflammatory pathways, further leads to neurological impairments especially in early stages of TBI. The neuroprotection of Kynurenic acid (endogenous metabolite) and its analogues have been established in experimental models of migraine, Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s disease. In the present study, we evaluated time-dependent neuroprotective effects of Kynurenic acid amide analogue against TNF-α change after traumatic insult in mice. Methodology: The current study included swiss albino mice (25-30 g) mice and KAA was synthesized in our laboratory and analyzed using IR and NMR spectroscopy. Timely (6, 24, 48, 72 h and day 21) TNF-α marker and neuroprotection of KAA against it was reported in brain samples after TBI. Results: Our data showed dose dependent and time dependent decrease in level of TNF-α after administration of KAA (100, 200, 400 mg/kg, i.p.) after 30 minutes of TBI. Conclusion: Our data depicted that KAA induced neuroprotection against TNF-α mediated inflammatory changes and further neurological dysfunctions
EVALUATION OF WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY OF ACACIA AURICULIFORMIS A. CUNN. STEM BARK
Objective: To evaluate in vivo wound healing activity of ointment containing ethanol and aqueous bark extracts of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. (Family: Mimosaceae).Methods: The presence of phytochemicals like carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, tannins and saponins was determined by preliminary phytochemical screening. Wound healing effect of ointment containing 5% w/w ethanol and aqueous stem bark extracts was determined by using excision and incision wound models in Swiss albino mice. Hydroxyproline content determination and histopathological studies of treated groups were carried out.Results: The results showed that both formulations possess significant wound healing activity, which was evidenced by decreased period of epithelialization, increased rate of wound contraction, tensile strength, hydroxyproline content, granulation tissue and collagen fibre formation in all treated animals. The activity may be due to presence of phenols, tannins, and flavonoids.Conclusion: The ointment containing ethanol extract showed better wound healing activity than the ointment containing aqueous extract.Keywords: Acacia auriculiformis, excision wound model, hydroxyproline, incision wound model, tensile strength, wound contractio
Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy
The applications of minimally invasive pelvic surgery continue to grow. This chapter focuses primarily on the preoperative evaluation, surgical technique and post-operative care of total laparoscopic hysterectomy. Since laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy is a slight modification of the procedure it is not being discussed separately. The major physiologic obstacles to safe laparoscopy include pregnancy, increased intra cranial pressure, abnormalities of cardiac output and gaseous exchange in the lung, chronic liver diseases and coagulation disorders. In a redo surgery there may be problems of laparoscopic port entry
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