Les grandes pointes foliacées du type « Ponsonby » : un traceur culturel en Patagonie australe

Les grandes pointes foliacées du type « Ponsonby » : un traceur culturel en Patagonie australe. De grandes pointes bifaciales foliacées très spectaculaires furent découvertes à Ponsonby en Patagonie australe, par Emperaire, il y a une cinquantaine d’années. La multiplication de ces découvertes dans toute une série de sites (plus d’une dizaine maintenant), nous amène à nous interroger sur la signification et la valeur épistémologique de ces objets. Au-delà de leur fonctionnalité, la mise en évidence de critères diagnostiques personnalisés (chaîne opératoire, automatisme technique, standard morphologique, soin d’exécution, probable valeur sociale…) fait de ces objets les marqueurs incontestables d’un faciès culturel. Ils sont donc les témoins privilégiés qui nous permettent de nous interroger sur leur origine (emprunt ? innovation technique ?) et de suivre l’évolution d’un groupe social représentatif des nomades marins des archipels de Patagonie au Ve millénaire cal BP.Las grandes puntas foliáceas tipo Ponsonby : un marcador cultural en Patagonia austral. Hace 50 años Emperaire descubrió por primera vez grandes puntas bifaciales foliáceas muy espectaculares en Ponsonby, Patagonia austral. La multiplicación de tales puntas en toda una serie de sitios (actualmente más de una decena), nos lleva a interrogarnos sobre el significado y el valor epistemológico de estos objetos. Más allá de su funcionalidad, la puesta en evidencia de criterios diagnósticos personalizados (cadena operatoria, automatismo técnico, norma morfológica, cuidado de ejecución, probable valor social…) hace de estos vestigios los marcadores innegables de una facies cultural. Son pues los testigos privilegiados que nos permiten preguntarnos sobre su origen (¿préstamo? ¿innovación técnica?) y seguir la evolución de un grupo social representativo de los nómadas marinos de los archipiélagos de Patagonia en el 5° milenio antes del presente.The large foliaceous points of Ponsonby type : a cultural marker in Southern Patagonia. Large and very spectacular foliaceous bifacial points were discovered in Ponsonby, southern Patagonia, about fifty years ago by Emperaire. The multiplication of this kind of discoveries in several sites (presently more than ten), calls into question the significance and the epistemological value of these objects. Beyond the question of their function, the description of personalized diagnostic criteria (« chaîne opératoire », technical automatism, morphological standard, very careful execution, social value…) makes these objects the undeniable markers of a cultural facies. That allow us to speculate about their origin (technical tranfer ? technical innovation ?) and to track the evolution of a social group representative of the maritime nomads in the archipelagoes of Patagonia during the 5th millennium BP

Étiolles – Le Coudray

Comme chaque année, le chantier a fonctionné en juin et juillet, avec la participation d’étudiants de l’université Paris-I et de diverses Universités européennes. Les étudiants se sont succédés par groupes d’une vingtaine tous les quinze jours. Outre le stage de fouilles dans le cadre du chantier-école, ont été organisés le stage de technologie lithique et celui d’expérimentation sur matières lithique et organique. Ces stages sont suivis par des étudiants et des chercheurs de tous niveaux. L..

Framework and baseline examination of the German National Cohort (NAKO)

The German National Cohort (NAKO) is a multidisciplinary, population-based prospective cohort study that aims to investigate the causes of widespread diseases, identify risk factors and improve early detection and prevention of disease. Specifically, NAKO is designed to identify novel and better characterize established risk and protection factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, respiratory and infectious diseases in a random sample of the general population. Between 2014 and 2019, a total of 205,415 men and women aged 19–74 years were recruited and examined in 18 study centres in Germany. The baseline assessment included a face-to-face interview, self-administered questionnaires and a wide range of biomedical examinations. Biomaterials were collected from all participants including serum, EDTA plasma, buffy coats, RNA and erythrocytes, urine, saliva, nasal swabs and stool. In 56,971 participants, an intensified examination programme was implemented. Whole-body 3T magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 30,861 participants on dedicated scanners. NAKO collects follow-up information on incident diseases through a combination of active follow-up using self-report via written questionnaires at 2–3 year intervals and passive follow-up via record linkages. All study participants are invited for re-examinations at the study centres in 4–5 year intervals. Thereby, longitudinal information on changes in risk factor profiles and in vascular, cardiac, metabolic, neurocognitive, pulmonary and sensory function is collected. NAKO is a major resource for population-based epidemiology to identify new and tailored strategies for early detection, prediction, prevention and treatment of major diseases for the next 30 years. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10654-022-00890-5

Die Basiserhebung der NAKO Gesundheitsstudie: Teilnahme an den Untersuchungsmodulen, Qualitätssicherung und Nutzung von Sekundärdaten

BACKGROUND: The German National Cohort (NAKO) is an interdisciplinary health study aimed at elucidating causes for common chronic diseases and detecting their preclinical stages. This article provides an overview of design, methods, participation in the examinations, and their quality assurance based on the midterm baseline dataset (MBD) of the recruitment. METHODS: More than 200,000 women and men aged 20–69 years derived from random samples of the German general population were recruited in 18 study centers (2014–2019). The data collection comprised physical examinations, standardized interviews and questionnaires, and the collection of biomedical samples for all participants (level 1). At least 20% of all participants received additional in-depth examinations (level 2), and 30,000 received whole-body magnet resonance imaging (MRI). Additional information will be collected through secondary data sources such as medical registries, health insurances, and pension funds. This overview is based on the MBD, which included 101,839 participants, of whom 11,371 received an MRI. RESULTS: The mean response proportion was 18%. The participation in the examinations was high with most of the modules performed by over 95%. Among MRI participants, 96% completed all 12 MRI sequences. More than 90% of the participants agreed to the use of complementary secondary and registry data. DISCUSSION: Individuals selected for the NAKO were willing to participate in all examinations despite the time-consuming program. The NAKO provides a central resource for population-based epidemiologic research and will contribute to developing innovative strategies for prevention, screening and prediction of chronic diseases.HINTERGRUND: Die NAKO Gesundheitsstudie ist ein bundesweites interdisziplinäres Forschungsvorhaben mit dem Ziel, die Ursachen für chronische Krankheiten und deren vorklinische Stadien zu untersuchen. Der Artikel gibt einen Überblick über das Studiendesign, die Methoden, die Teilnahme an den Untersuchungen und ihre Qualitätssicherung zur Halbzeit der Basiserhebung. METHODEN: Für die Basiserhebung wurden mehr als 200.000 Frauen und Männer im Alter von 20–69 Jahren aus Zufallsstichproben der Allgemeinbevölkerung in 18 Studienzentren rekrutiert (2014–2019). Die Basiserhebung beinhaltet Untersuchungen, Befragungen und Biomaterialien für alle Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer (Level 1), ein erweitertes Programm für mindestens 20 % (Level 2) und eine Magnetresonanztomografie (MRT) für 30.000 Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer. Sekundär- und Registerdaten werden über Krankheitsregister, Kranken- und Rentenversicherungen erhoben. Die Auswertung bezieht die Datenbasis zur Halbzeit der Basiserhebung mit 101.839 Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern ein, davon 11.371 mit einer MRT-Untersuchung. ERGEBNISSE: Die mittlere Responsequote zur Halbzeit betrug insgesamt 18 %. Die Teilnahme an den Untersuchungen lag überwiegend bei mehr als 95 %. Bei 96 % der MRT-Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer konnten alle 12 MRT-Sequenzen vollständig durchgeführt werden. Der Erschließung und wissenschaftlichen Nutzung ergänzender Sekundär- und Registerdaten stimmten mehr als 90 % der Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer zu. DISKUSSION: Die Bereitschaft, möglichst alle Untersuchungsmodule durchzuführen, war trotz des zeitlichen Aufwandes außerordentlich hoch. Dadurch wird die NAKO zu einer zentralen Ressource für die epidemiologische Forschung in Deutschland. Sie wird es ermöglichen, neue Strategien zur Früherkennung, Vorhersage und Primärprävention chronischer Krankheiten zu entwickeln

Éléments d'un modèle d'habitation magdalénienne (Etiolles)

Pigeot Nicole. Éléments d'un modèle d'habitation magdalénienne (Etiolles). In: Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, tome 84, n°10-12, 1987. Études et Travaux / Hommage de la SPF à André Leroi-Gourhan. pp. 358-363

Les Magdaléniens de l’unité Q31 d’Étiolles. Historique des recherches et intérêt de l’étude

Pigeot Nicole. Les Magdaléniens de l’unité Q31 d’Étiolles. Historique des recherches et intérêt de l’étude. In: Gallia préhistoire. Suppléments, supplément 37, 2004. Les derniers Magdaléniens d’Étiolles. Perspectives culturelles et paléohistoriques (l’unité d’habitation Q31) pp. 9-17

Magdaléniens d’Étiolles. Économie de débitage et organisation sociale (l’unité d’habitation U5)

Gallia préhistoire. Suppléments, supplément 25, 1987. Magdaléniens d’Étiolles. Économie de débitage et organisation sociale (l’unité d’habitation U5

L’objet « lame » : un épiphénomène technique, économique, culturel et cognitif

International audienceThis posthumously published theoretical text follows on from the round table organised by Anne Delagnes and Nicolas Teyssandier at Les Eyzies in 2006: "he laminar phenomenon in the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic in Eurasia". Nicole Pigeot presented an introductory lecture and then prepared this text' finalized by her editors - for the publication of the proceedings of the round table, but they were not published. As for the figures, her editors have the PowerPoint figures designed by Nicole Pigeot to illustrate the conference and have decided to make almost all of them available to readers. Nevertheless, had the edition been completed, the author would clearly have taken more care with the illustrations and their consubstantial link with the writing of her very pictorial thought. For this reason, the publication of these slides has been deliberately dissociated from the present text. Through both of them, the reader will discover an important intellectual construction in the author's scientific journey. In the wake of her "Habilitation à diriger des recherches" (Pigeot, 1991a) and the resulting reference article (Pigeot, 1991b), and then her new reflections on the laminar debitage of Etiolles (Pigeot et al., 1991; Pigeot dir, 2004), we see here the full development of a genuine method - inspired in its logic by André Leroi-Gourhan's "degrees of fact" (1943) - to identify technical acts according to a systemic perspective, constantly promoted by Nicole Pigeot. In her view, this dynamic point of view protects against the all too frequent confusion between consequences and causes, the latter being so difficult to grasp in prehistory. It also provides the best way of distinguishing - at an advanced stage of research and not at the beginning! - the exact part of the cultural dimension in the "stratification of constraints" ("physical", "economic and functional", "cognitive", etc.: cf. Pigeot, 1991 a and b). Moreover, this approach, enriched by the work of the philosopher Georges Simondon (1958), opens up new perspectives - and this is the main point - on the evolution and the main stages of laminar techniques, and, for each of them, the "field of constraints and possibilities" (Pigeot, 1991b).In the background of this reflection on the evolution of techniques, the author distances herself completely from the fallacious equation according to which "laminar debitage = Upper Palaeolithic". This in no way dispenses with trying to understand what happened at the end of the Palaeolithic when blade production became so frequent compared to earlier periods. To do this, Nicole Pigeot begins by analysing the advantages of laminar debitage, without omitting the technical constraints linked to this type of operative concept. In order to study the parameters involved in the laminar objective, she begins by setting out the criteria for defining the blade by referring first to its basic appearance: a long, narrow and thin debitage product. A second level of analysis then focuses on understanding how the blade actually fits into a wider network of ramifications, revealing the essential role of recurrence, the cornerstone of productivity and standardisation. Given the multi-functional aspect of the interacting elements, we cannot simply infer the primary intention behind the choice of this type of debitage. This may be the result of a desire for length, or narrowness, or operative ease, or productivity, or standardisation, or several or all of these advantages "functioning" together.Nicole Pigeot then reminds us that laminar debitage is possible from the early periods of the Palaeolithic onwards, even with a "facial" management of cores (i.e., debitage on the largest surface). Such debitage with the hard hammers used during those periods entails numerous constraints, including sacrificing one or more of the intrinsic laminar qualities, in particular the operative ease induced by good recurrence, and also the elongation of the product, its regularity, its standardisation, as well as its productivity. At the beginning of the laminar lineage, the different parameters thus act for themselves, independently, which is in line with Georges Simondon's definition of the "abstract" technical object. Then, at the beginning of the Upper Palaeolithic, it would seem that the conjunction of the use of the soft hammer (organic or mineral) with the conceptual opening towards "frontal" debitage (i.e., preferential exploitation of the small surface) offers a very new situation, where the laminar system conditions really fall into place. The ensuing operative and conceptual complexity involves a strong cultural codification with numerous possible solutions: there is obviously not only one type of laminar debitage in the Upper Palaeolithic. However, from the Aurignacian onwards, with the synergy of the different elements, the process begins to move towards what Simondon calls "concretisation". This will only be truly accomplished with the complete investment of the whole volume to be knapped, which is made possible by the debitage method with the indirect percussion and above all pressure. With these innovations, the knapper can obtain such regularity of the product that it sets up the optimal regularity of the following product, and so on. All the parameters interact synergistically and none of them can "work for itself" without "working for all". Length, narrowness, thinness, straightness, standardisation, productivity: all the parameters are now inseparable and each one contributes to the functioning of the others. The blade thus becomes the epiphenomenon of the laminar system. The retroaction cycle of recurrence is almost absolute and background noise of irregularity is almost inexistent. This is the complete definition of the final stage of a lineage according to Simondon. Perhaps at this stage we have reached a "hypertelic" technique, in the words of the philosopher, i.e., an exaggerated situation that becomes non-adapted in the event of the slightest change in the milieu? At this stage, the laminar lineage can no longer evolve: it is "saturated" in Simondon's words.Suite à la conférence que Nicole Pigeot avait donnée à la table ronde organisée aux Eyzies par Anne Delagnes et Nicolas Teyssandier en 2006 : « Le phénomène laminaire au Paléolithique moyen et supérieur en Eurasie », elle prépara ensuite un article en vue des actes de la table ronde, mais ceux-ci ne virent pas le jour. La présente édition de ce texte est couplée à la mise en ligne des figures conçues par l'auteure pour accompagner sa conférence. Le résumé qui introduisait celle-ci synthétise l'essentiel de cette réflexion théorique prolongeant un précédent article de référence (Pigeot, 1991b) ; nous le reproduisons intégralement ici : "L'équation débitage laminaire = Paléolithique supérieur" est fallacieuse alors qu'elle reste souvent un arrière-plan paradigmatique fréquent. La documentation démontre pourtant que les débitages laminaires ne sont pas l'apanage de cette dernière période du Paléolithique ni des capacités cognitives des formes les plus modernes de notre humanité. On propose d'apporter ici une base de discussion à ce sujet en explicitant la définition du phénomène laminaire qui ne se résume pas à l'expression d'une complexité conceptuelle et économique de type "moderne". L'objet "lame" est l'épiphénomène des nombreux paramètres qui interviennent au carrefour de questions purement techniques (volumétriques et opératoires), économiques (en termes de productivité et d'objectif qualitatif), culturelles (choix entre des possibles), et bien évidemment cognitives (limitatives en amont des choix culturels) "

Avant-propos

Pigeot Nicole. Avant-propos. In: Gallia préhistoire. Suppléments, supplément 37, 2004. Les derniers Magdaléniens d’Étiolles. Perspectives culturelles et paléohistoriques (l’unité d’habitation Q31) pp. 5-7