107 research outputs found

    Les perturbateurs endocriniens :enjeux pour le consommateur et défis scientifiques

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    Les perturbateurs endocriniens potentiellement associĂ©s Ă  des problĂšmes de santĂ© publique prĂ©sentent une multitude d’enjeux sociĂ©taux, lĂ©gislatifs et sanitaires. Actuellement aucune dĂ©finition officiellement validĂ©e ne prĂ©cise la nature de ces substances et leur cadre d’évaluation peut varier en fonction de leurs usages. Les systĂšmes endocriniens participent Ă  la rĂ©gulation de la plupart des fonctions biologiques et ils sont des acteurs clefs du dĂ©veloppement et du maintien de l’homĂ©ostasie de l’organisme. Des perturbations de leur fonctionnement seront donc associĂ©es Ă  de multiples effets sur la santĂ© y compris de façon transgĂ©nĂ©rationnelle. La complexitĂ© de la rĂ©gulation des diffĂ©rents systĂšmes hormonaux, de leurs interactions et de leurs effets pour maintenir l’homĂ©ostasie de l’organisme est une source de dĂ©fis scientifiques majeurs. A ceci viennent s’ajouter les notions de faibles doses, de fenĂȘtre de susceptibilitĂ©, de relation dose/rĂ©ponse peu classiques dites non monotones (courbes dose/ rĂ©ponse en U par exemple) et d’effets diffĂ©rĂ©s dans le temps rendant les investigations toxicologiques et Ă©pidĂ©miologiques encore plus complexes et parfois en marge des approches de toxicologie classiques. Cette complexitĂ© souligne la nĂ©cessitĂ© d’élaborer des stratĂ©gies d’études pluridisciplinaires intĂ©grant tous les niveaux de rĂ©gulation du vivant jusqu’aux approches de populations

    Développement d'une approche toxicocinétique/toxicodynamique basée sur des mécanismes physiologiques pour évaluer les effets oestrogéniques du Bisphénol A

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    Ce travail a consisté à analyser, par des approches toxicocinétiques (TK) et mécanistiques, les effets oestrogéniques du Bisphenol A (BPA) sur un biomarqueur précoce et sensible : la sécrétion de l'hormone lutéinisante (LH) chez la brebis prépubÚre ovariectomisée. La plus faible concentration plasmatique en BPA induisant une inhibition de LH s'est avérée proche des concentrations maximales décrites chez l'Homme. Cette inhibition de LH pourrait impliquer une inhibition des systÚmes neuronaux à kisspeptine. L'approche TK comparative d'espÚces a montré que la clairance du BPA est toujours élevée, proche du débit sanguin hépatique. Pour une exposition à la dose journaliÚre admissible, cette approche permet de prédire chez l'Homme des concentrations en BPA trÚs inférieures à celles associées à une inhibition de LH dans notre modÚle.The goal of this thesis was to analyse through toxicokinetic (TK) and mechanistic approaches the estrogeno-mimetic effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on a precocious and sensitive biomarker: LH secretion in ovariectomized female lambs. The lowest plasma BPA concentrations associated to an inhibition of LH secretion appeared to be close to the highest one reported in human. LH suppression could be mediated by an inhibition of hypothalamic kisspeptin systems. The multispecies TK approach showed that BPA clearance is always high and equivalent to the liver blood flow. For an exposure scheme corresponding to the tolerable daily intake, this approach allows to predict human BPA concentration much lower than the one associated to LH inhibition in our highly sensitive lamb model.TOULOUSE-ENSAT-Documentation (315552324) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Toward a better understanding of the effects of endocrine disrupting compounds on health : Human-relevant case studies from sheep models

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    The 3 case studies reviewed in this article were supported by funders including: SRF Academic Scholarship Award 2013, the Wellcome Trust (080388), the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement no 212885 and French Region Midi-PyrĂ©nĂ©es [31000642] the French National Research Program for Environmental and Occupational Health of Anses [grant number 2015/1/112, 2015] and the French National Research Agency [ANR-13-CESA0007-1].Peer reviewedPostprin

    Maternal and Fetal Exposure to Bisphenol A Is Associated with Alterations of Thyroid Function in Pregnant Ewes and Their Newborn Lambs

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    The putative thyroid-disrupting properties of bisphenol A (BPA) highlight the need for an evaluation of fetal exposure and its consequence on the mother/newborn thyroid functions in models relevant to human. The goals of this study were to characterize in sheep a relevant model for human pregnancy and thyroid physiology, the internal exposures of the fetuses and their mothers to BPA and its main metabolite BPA-glucuronide (Gluc), and to determine to what extent it might be associated with thyroid disruption. Ewes were treated with BPA [5 mg/(kg . d) sc] or vehicle from d 28 until the end of pregnancy. Unconjugated BPA did not appear to accumulate in pregnant ewes, and its concentration was similar in the newborns and their mothers (0.13 +/- 0.02 and 0.18 +/- 0.03 nmol/ml in cord and maternal blood, respectively). In amniotic fluid and cord blood, BPA-Gluc concentrations were about 1300-fold higher than those of BPA. Total T-4 concentrations were decreased in BPA-treated pregnant ewes and in the cord and the jugular blood of their newborns (30% decrease). A similar difference was observed for free T-4 plasma concentrations in the jugular blood of the newborns. Our results show in a long-gestation species with a similar regulatory scheme of thyroid function as humans that BPA in utero exposure can be associated with hypothyroidism in the newborns. If such an effect were to be confirmed for a more relevant exposure scheme to BPA, this would constitute a major issue for BPA risk assessment

    Prion protein in the cerebrospinal fluid of healthy and naturally scrapie-affected sheep

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    The aim of this study was to characterize the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) prion protein (PrP) of healthy and naturally scrapie-affected sheep. The soluble form of CSF PrPC immunoblotted with an anti-octarepeat and an anti-C terminus mAb showed two isoforms of approximately 33 and 26 kDa, corresponding to the biglycosylated and unglycosylated isoforms of brain PrPC. Neither the mean concentration nor the electrophoretic profile of CSF PrP differed between healthy and scrapieaffected sheep, whereas a slightly increased resistance of CSF PrP to mild proteolysis by proteinase K was evident in the CSF of scrapie-affected sheep. No difference in susceptibility to proteolysis was observed between the two ARR and VRQ genetic variants of the purified prokaryote recombinant PrP. It was concluded that the physicochemical properties of PrPC in the CSF could be altered during scrapie and that these changes might reflect the physiopathological process of prion disease

    Miniaturized Electrochemical Sensors to Monitor Fetal Hypoxia and Acidosis in a Pregnant Sheep Model

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    Perinatal asphyxia is a major cause of severe brain damage and death. For its prenatal identification, Doppler ultrasound has been used as a surrogate marker of fetal hypoxia. However, Doppler evaluation cannot be performed continuously. We have evaluated the performance of a miniaturized multiparametric sensor aiming to evaluate tissular oxygen and pH changes continuously in an umbilical cord occlusion (UCO) sheep model. The electrochemical sensors were inserted in fetal hindlimb skeletal muscle and electrochemical signals were recorded. Fetal hemodynamic changes and metabolic status were also monitored during the experiment. Additionally, histological assessment of the tissue surrounding the sensors was performed. Both electrochemical sensors detected the pO2 and pH changes induced by the UCO and these changes were correlated with hemodynamic parameters as well as with pH and oxygen content in the blood. Finally, histological assessment revealed no signs of alteration on the same day of insertion. This study provides the first evidence showing the application of miniaturized multiparametric electrochemical sensors detecting changes in oxygen and pH in skeletal muscular tissue in a fetal sheep model.This research was funded by CELLEX FOUNDATION. This work was financially supported by The Cellex Foundation and the Agùncia de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (Grant 2017 SGR 1531). Additionally, E.E. has received support from the Departament de Salut (Grant SLT008/18/00156). The Nanobioengineering group at the Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) has received support from the Commission for Universities and Research of the Department of Innovation, Universities, and Enterprise of the Generalitat de Catalunya (No. 2017 SGR 1079) and is part of the CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya and is supported by the Severo Ochoa programme of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Competitiveness (Grant SEV-2014-0425 (2015–2019)). CIBER-BBN is an initiative funded by the VI National R&D&i Plan 2008–2011, Iniciativa Ingenio 2010, Consolider Program, CIBER Actions and financed by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III with assistance from the European Regional Development Fund. L.R. would also like to acknowledge her support within the BEST Postdoctoral Programme, funded by the European Commission under Horizon 2020’s Marie SkƂodowska-Curie Actions COFUND scheme (Grant Agreement No. 712754)

    Etude des facteurs de risque de l'infertilité dans les élevages bovins laitiers de l'Ile de la Réunion (élaboration d'un guide destiné aux éleveurs)

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    L'Ă©tude des facteurs de risque de l'infertilitĂ© en Ă©levage bovin laitier Ă  la RĂ©union mise en place par le CIRAD en 1999 a servi de base Ă  l'Ă©laboration d'un guide d'analyse des problĂšmes de reproduction. AdaptĂ© aux producteurs et aux professionnels de l'Ă©levage, il constitue un vĂ©ritable outil de travail utilisable sur le terrain par les Ă©leveurs pour rĂ©aliser leur bilan de reproduction et identifier les facteurs Ă  l'origine de l'infertilitĂ© de leur troupeau. La vulgarisation s'est appuyĂ©e sur l'analyse des attentes et des compĂ©tences des diffĂ©rents acteurs, pour amĂ©liorer la rĂ©ponse du guide Ă  leurs besoins. Une maquette a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e et les outils techniques crĂ©Ă©s ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©s en Ă©levage avant d'ĂȘtre validĂ©s. Des formations adaptĂ©es aux diffĂ©rents acteurs, doivent par la suite constituer un prĂ©alable indispensable Ă  sa diffusion dans les exploitations laitiĂšres et dans les structures d'encadrementTOULOUSE3-BU SantĂ©-Centrale (315552105) / SudocTOULOUSE-EN VĂ©tĂ©rinaire (315552301) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Hypercortisolémie majeure chez la brebis atteinte de tremblante (application à la recherche de marqueurs de la tremblante)

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    TOULOUSE3-BU Santé-Centrale (315552105) / SudocTOULOUSE-EN Vétérinaire (315552301) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Etude du passage de la marbofloxacine à travers la barriÚre utérine de la jument

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    L objectif de l étude était d évaluer le passage de la marbofloxacine à travers la barriÚre utérine en mesurant le rapport des concentrations obtenues dans le plasma et dans l endomÚtre utérin de six juments, aprÚs une administration intra-veineuse unique de 2 mg/kg de marbofloxacine. Les moyennes des concentrations de marbofloxacine (+- écart type) 2 h, 6 h et 24 h aprÚs l administration sont respectivement de 0,94 +- 0,12 ; 0,32 +- 0,10 et 0,020 +- 0,008 g/mL dans le plasma, et de 1,4 +- 0,2 ; 0,50 +- 0,18 et 0,038 +- 0,01 g/mg dans l utérus. Les concentrations utérines ont été en moyenne 1,7 fois plus élevées que les concentrations plasmatiques. L exposition utérine à la marbofloxacine permet d atteindre des concentrations efficaces vis-à-vis des principaux germes impliqués dans les métrites chez la jument, exceptés les streptocoques. La marbofloxacine pourrait donc constituer un traitement approprié des métrites chez la jument.TOULOUSE3-BU Santé-Centrale (315552105) / SudocTOULOUSE-EN Vétérinaire (315552301) / SudocSudocFranceF
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