Advancing the human right to housing in post-Katrina New Orleans: discursive opportunity structures in housing and community development

In post-Katrina New Orleans, housing and community development (HCD) advocates clashed over the future of public housing. This case study examines the evolution of and limits to a human right to housing frame introduced by one nongovernmental organization (NGO). Ferree’s concept of the discursive opportunity structure and Bourdieu’s social field ground this NGO’s failure to advance a radical economic human rights frame, given its choice of a political inside strategy that opened up for HCD NGOs after Hurricane Katrina. Strategic and ideological differences within the field limited the efficacy of this rights-based frame, which was seen as politically radical and risky compared with more resonant frames for seeking affordable housing resources and development opportunities. These divides flowed from the position of the movement-born HCD field within a neoliberal political economy, especially its current institutionalization in the finance and real estate sector, and its dependence on the state for funding and political legitimacy

The missing organizational dimension in urban sociology

Our article takes issue with the treatment of organizations in much urban sociology. We argue that both Marxian political economists and Chicagoan ethnographers and quantitative analysts treat organizations as derivative rather than productive of urban social relations. This problem is not epistemological or methodological. Instead, it is rooted in the objects of analysis that urban sociologists choose. Drawing on key elements of structuration theory, we attempt to lay the groundwork for improving the treatment of organizations in urban sociology by flagging some of the key insights in the sociology of organizations. We do not view this intellectual borrowing as a one-way street, and we emphasize that urbanists have a contribution to make to sociological thinking about organizations. Correcting these problems is essential if we are to understand the link between contemporary institutional transformations and urban neighborhoods

The microrelations of urban governance: dynamics of patronage and partnership

The classic urban ecological paradigm envisioned the articulation of the social organization of neighborhoods with that of the city as a whole. This article offers novel empirical evidence in support of this proposi- tion. We analyze the microrelations of governance across two key urban domains, politics and nonprofit organizations, and identify the district- based politician as a key actor linking neighborhood-based and citywide forms of social organization. Using data of contracts allocated by city council members to nonprofits in New York City, analysis of the social network system linking these two types of actors shows two distinct re- lational dynamics: a patronage dynamic characterized by exclusive and long-lasting relationships between a council member and his/her local constituency and a partnership dynamic characterized by citywide rela- tionships that are short-lived and fostered by organizational differentia- tion and embeddedness. Furthermore, politicians and nonprofits differ- ently accommodate the copresence of these two models of resource allocation

A Comparative Analysis of Ookla Speedtest and Measurement Labs Network Diagnostic Test (NDT7)

Consumers, regulators, and ISPs all use client-based "speed tests" to measure network performance, both in single-user settings and in aggregate. Two prevalent speed tests, Ookla's Speedtest and Measurement Lab's Network Diagnostic Test (NDT), are often used for similar purposes, despite having significant differences in both the test design and implementation and in the infrastructure used to conduct measurements. In this paper, we present a comparative evaluation of Ookla and NDT7 (the latest version of NDT), both in controlled and wide-area settings. Our goal is to characterize when, how much and under what circumstances these two speed tests differ, as well as what factors contribute to the differences. To study the effects of the test design, we conduct a series of controlled, in-lab experiments under a variety of network conditions and usage modes (TCP congestion control, native vs. browser client). Our results show that Ookla and NDT7 report similar speeds when the latency between the client and server is low, but that the tools diverge when path latency is high. To characterize the behavior of these tools in wide-area deployment, we collect more than 40,000 pairs of Ookla and NDT7 measurements across six months and 67 households, with a range of ISPs and speed tiers. Our analysis demonstrates various systemic issues, including high variability in NDT7 test results and systematically under-performing servers in the Ookla network