2,367 research outputs found
ExoMDN: Rapid characterization of exoplanet interior structures with Mixture Density Networks
Characterizing the interior structure of exoplanets is essential for
understanding their diversity, formation, and evolution. As the interior of
exoplanets is inaccessible to observations, an inverse problem must be solved,
where numerical structure models need to conform to observable parameters such
as mass and radius. This is a highly degenerate problem whose solution often
relies on computationally-expensive and time-consuming inference methods such
as Markov Chain Monte Carlo.
We present ExoMDN, a machine-learning model for the interior characterization
of exoplanets based on Mixture Density Networks (MDN). The model is trained on
a large dataset of more than 5.6 million synthetic planets below 25 Earth
masses consisting of an iron core, a silicate mantle, a water and high-pressure
ice layer, and a H/He atmosphere. We employ log-ratio transformations to
convert the interior structure data into a form that the MDN can easily handle.
Given mass, radius, and equilibrium temperature, we show that ExoMDN can
deliver a full posterior distribution of mass fractions and thicknesses of each
planetary layer in under a second on a standard Intel i5 CPU. Observational
uncertainties can be easily accounted for through repeated predictions from
within the uncertainties. We use ExoMDN to characterize the interior of 22
confirmed exoplanets with mass and radius uncertainties below 10% and 5%
respectively, including the well studied GJ 1214 b, GJ 486 b, and the
TRAPPIST-1 planets. We discuss the inclusion of the fluid Love number as
an additional (potential) observable, showing how it can significantly reduce
the degeneracy of interior structures. Utilizing the fast predictions of
ExoMDN, we show that measuring with an accuracy of 10% can constrain the
thickness of core and mantle of an Earth analog to of the true
values.Comment: 15 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy &
Astrophysics. The ExoMDN model is freely accessible at
https://github.com/philippbaumeister/ExoMD
Overturn of ilmeniteâbearing cumulates in a rheologically weak lunar mantle
©2019. American Geophysical UnionThe crystallization of the lunar magma ocean (LMO) determines the initial structure of the solid Moon. Near the end of the LMO crystallization, ilmeniteâbearing cumulates (IBC) form beneath the plagioclase crust. Being denser than the underlying mantle, IBC are prone to overturn, a hypothesis that explains several aspects of the Moon's evolution. Yet the formation of stagnant lid due to the temperature dependence of viscosity can easily prevent IBC from sinking. To infer the rheological conditions allowing IBC to sink, we calculated the LMO crystallization sequence and performed highâresolution numerical simulations of the overturn dynamics. We assumed a diffusion creep rheology and tested the effects of reference viscosity, activation energy, and compositional viscosity contrast between IBC and mantle. The overturn strongly depends on reference viscosity and activation energy and is facilitated by a low IBC viscosity. For a reference viscosity of 1021 Pa s, characteristic of a dry rheology, IBC overturn cannot take place. For a reference viscosity of 1020 Pa s, the overturn is possible if the activation energy is a factor of 2â3 lower than the values typically assumed for dry olivine. These low activation energies suggest a role for dislocation creep. For lowerâreference viscosities associated with the presence of water or trapped melt, more than 95% IBC can sink regardless of the activation energy. Scaling laws for RayleighâTaylor instability confirmed these results but also showed the need of numerical simulations to accurately quantify the overturn dynamics. Whenever IBC sink, the overturn occurs via smallâscale diapirs
Onset of solid-state mantle convection and mixing during magma ocean solidification
©2017. American Geophysical UnionThe energy sources involved in the early stages of the formation of terrestrial bodies can induce partial or even complete melting of the mantle, leading to the emergence of magma oceans. The fractional crystallization of a magma ocean can cause the formation of a compositional layering that can play a fundamental role for the subsequent longâterm dynamics of the interior and for the evolution of geochemical reservoirs. In order to assess to what extent primordial compositional heterogeneities generated by magma ocean solidification can be preserved, we investigate the solidification of a wholeâmantle Martian magma ocean, and in particular the conditions that allow solidâstate convection to start mixing the mantle before solidification is completed. To this end, we performed 2âD numerical simulations in a cylindrical geometry. We treat the liquid magma ocean in a parameterized way while we selfâconsistently solve the conservation equations of thermochemical convection in the growing solid cumulates accounting for pressureâ, temperatureâ, and, where it applies, meltâdependent viscosity. By testing the effects of different cooling rates and convective vigor, we show that for a lifetime of the liquid magma ocean of 1 Myr or longer, the onset of solidâstate convection prior to complete mantle crystallization is likely and that a significant part of the compositional heterogeneities generated by fractionation can be erased by efficient mantle mixing. We discuss the consequences of our findings in relation to the formation and evolution of compositional reservoirs on Mars and on the other terrestrial bodies of the solar system.DFG, 276817549, Kristallisation des irdischen Magmaozeans: Thermo- und Geodynami
Settling of inertial particles in turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection
The settling behaviour of small inertial particles in turbulent convection is
a fundamental problem across several disciplines, from geophysics to
metallurgy. In a geophysical context, the settling of dense crystals controls
the mode of solidification of magma chambers and planetary-scale magma oceans,
while rising of light bubbles of volatiles drives volcanic outgassing and the
formation of primordial atmospheres. Motivated by these geophysical systems, we
perform a systematic numerical study on the settling rate of particles in a
rectangular two-dimensional Rayleigh-Benard system with Rayleigh number up to
10^12 and Prandtl number from 10 to 50. Under the idealized condition of
spherically-shaped particles with small Reynolds number, two limiting
behaviours exist for the settling velocity. On the one hand, Stokes' law
applies to particles with small but finite response time, leading to a constant
settling rate. On the other hand, particles with a vanishing response time are
expected to settle at an exponential rate. Based on our simulations, we present
a new physical model that bridges the gap between the above limiting behaviours
by describing the sedimentation of inertial particles as a random process with
two key components: i) the transport of particles from vigorously convecting
regions into sluggish, low-velocity "piles" that naturally develop at the
horizontal boundaries of the system, and ii) the probability that particles
escape such low-velocity regions without settling at their base. In addition,
we identify four distinct settling regimes and analyze the horizontal
distribution of sedimented particles. For two of these regimes settling is
particularly slow and the distribution is strongly non-uniform, with dense
particles being deposited preferentially below major clusters of upwellings.Comment: 30 pages, 18 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Fluid
How large are present-day heat flux variations across the surface of Mars?
©2016. American Geophysical UnionThe first in situ Martian heat flux measurement to be carried out by the InSight Discoveryâclass mission will provide an important baseline to constrain the presentâday heat budget of the planet and, in turn, the thermochemical evolution of its interior. In this study, we estimate the magnitude of surface heat flux heterogeneities in order to assess how the heat flux at the InSight landing site relates to the average heat flux of Mars. To this end, we model the thermal evolution of Mars in a 3âD spherical geometry and investigate the resulting surface spatial variations of heat flux at the present day. Our models assume a fixed crust with a variable thickness as inferred from gravity and topography data and with radiogenic heat sources as obtained from gamma ray measurements of the surface. We test several mantle parameters and show that the presentâday surface heat flux pattern is dominated by the imposed crustal structure. The largest surface heat flux peakâto peak variations lie between 17.2 and 49.9 mW mâ2, with the highest values being associated with the occurrence of prominent mantle plumes. However, strong spatial variations introduced by such plumes remain narrowly confined to a few geographical regions and are unlikely to bias the InSight heat flux measurement. We estimated that the average surface heat flux varies between 23.2 and 27.3 mW mâ2, while at the InSight location it lies between 18.8 and 24.2 mW mâ2. In most models, elastic lithosphere thickness values exceed 250 km at the north pole, while the south pole values lie well above 110 km
The habitability of stagnant-lid Earths around dwarf stars
The habitability of a planet depends on various factors, such as delivery of
water during the formation, the co-evolution of the interior and the
atmosphere, as well as the stellar irradiation which changes in time. Since an
unknown number of rocky exoplanets may operate in a one-plate convective
regime, i.e., without plate tectonics, we aim at understanding under which
conditions planets in such a stagnant-lid regime may support habitable surface
conditions. Understanding the interaction of the planetary interior and
outgassing of volatiles with the atmosphere in combination with the evolution
of the host star is crucial to determine the potential habitability. M-dwarf
stars in particular possess a high-luminosity pre-main sequence phase which
endangers the habitability of planets around them via water loss. We therefore
explore the potential of secondary outgassing from the planetary interior to
rebuild a water reservoir allowing for habitability at a later stage. We
compute the boundaries of the habitable zone around M, K, G, and F-dwarf stars
using a 1D cloud-free radiative-convective climate model accounting for the
outgassing history of CO2 and H2O from an interior evolution and outgassing
model for different interior compositions and stellar luminosity evolutions.
The outer edge of the habitable zone strongly depends on the amount of CO2
outgassed from the interior, while the inner edge is mainly determined via the
stellar irradiation, as soon as a sufficiently large water reservoir has been
outgassed. A build-up of a secondary water reservoir for planets around M-dwarf
stars is possible even after severe water loss during the high luminosity
pre-main sequence phase as long as some water has been retained within the
mantle. Earth-like stagnant-lid planets allow for habitable surface conditions
within a continuous habitable zone that is dependent on interior composition.Comment: 15 pages, accepted by A&A, abstract shortene
Evolution and Spectral Response of a Steam Atmosphere for Early Earth with a coupled climate-interior model
The evolution of Earth's early atmosphere and the emergence of habitable
conditions on our planet are intricately coupled with the development and
duration of the magma ocean phase during the early Hadean period (4 to 4.5 Ga).
In this paper, we deal with the evolution of the steam atmosphere during the
magma ocean period. We obtain the outgoing longwave radiation using a
line-by-line radiative transfer code GARLIC. Our study suggests that an
atmosphere consisting of pure HO, built as a result of outgassing extends
the magma ocean lifetime to several million years. The thermal emission as a
function of solidification timescale of magma ocean is shown. We study the
effect of thermal dissociation of HO at higher temperatures by applying
atmospheric chemical equilibrium which results in the formation of H and
O during the early phase of the magma ocean. A 1-6\% reduction in the OLR
is seen. We also obtain the effective height of the atmosphere by calculating
the transmission spectra for the whole duration of the magma ocean. An
atmosphere of depth ~100 km is seen for pure water atmospheres. The effect of
thermal dissociation on the effective height of the atmosphere is also shown.
Due to the difference in the absorption behavior at different altitudes, the
spectral features of H and O are seen at different altitudes of the
atmosphere. Therefore, these species along with HO have a significant
contribution to the transmission spectra and could be useful for placing
observational constraints upon magma ocean exoplanets.Comment: 22 pages, 17 Figures, accepted for publication in ApJ on March
Array Antenna Power Pattern Analysis Through Quantum Computing
A method for the analysis of the power pattern of phased array antennas (PAs)
based on the quantum Fourier transform (QFT) is proposed. The computation of
the power pattern given the set of complex excitations of the PA elements is
addressed within the quantum computing (QC) framework by means of a customized
procedure that exploits the quantum mechanics principles and theory. A
representative set of numerical results, yielded with a quantum computer
emulator, is reported and discussed to assess the reliability of the proposed
method by pointing out its features in comparison with the classical approach
based on the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), as well.Comment: 35 pages, 12 figure
Bifurcation in the growth of continental crust
Is the present-day water-land ratio a necessary outcome of the evolution of
plate tectonic planets with a similar age, volume, mass, and total water
inventory as the Earth? This would be the case - largely independent of initial
conditions - if Earth's present-day continental volume were at a stable unique
equilibrium with strong self-regulating mechanisms of continental growth
steering the evolution to this state. In this paper, we question this
conjecture. Instead we suggest that positive feedbacks in the plate tectonics
model of continental production and erosion may dominate and show that such a
model can explain the history of continental growth.
We investigate the main mechanisms that contribute to the growth of the
volume of the continental crust. In particular, we analyze the effect of the
oceanic plate speed, depending on the area and thickness of thermally
insulating continents, on production and erosion mechanisms. Effects that cause
larger continental production rates for larger values of continental volume are
positive feedbacks. In contrast, negative feedbacks act to stabilize the
continental volume. They are provided by the increase of the rate of surface
erosion, subduction erosion, and crustal delamination with the continental
volume. We systematically analyze the strengths of positive and negative
feedback contributions to the growth of the continental crust. Although the
strengths of some feedbacks depend on poorly known parameters, we conclude that
a net predominance of positive feedbacks is plausible. We explore the effect of
the combined feedback strength on the feasibility of modeling the observed
small positive net continental growth rate over the past 2-3 billion years
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