Low exposure long-baseline neutrino oscillation sensitivity of the DUNE experiment

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) will produce world-leading neutrino oscillation measurements over the lifetime of the experiment. In this work, we explore DUNE’s sensitivity to observe charge-parity violation (CPV) in the neutrino sector, and to resolve the mass ordering, for exposures of up to 100 kiloton-megawatt-calendar years (kt-MW-CY), where calendar years include an assumption of 57% accelerator uptime based on past accelerator performance at Fermilab. The analysis includes detailed uncertainties on the flux prediction, the neutrino interaction model, and detector effects. We demonstrate that DUNE will be able to unambiguously resolve the neutrino mass ordering at a 4σ (5σ) level with a 66 (100) kt-MW-CY far detector exposure, and has the ability to make strong statements at significantly shorter exposures depending on the true value of other oscillation parameters, with a median sensitivity of 3σ for almost all true δCP values after only 24 kt-MW-CY. We also show that DUNE has the potential to make a robust measurement of CPV at a 3σ level with a 100 kt-MW-CY exposure for the maximally CP-violating values δCP ¼ π=2. Additionally, the dependence of DUNE’s sensitivity on the exposure taken in neutrino-enhanced and antineutrino-enhanced running is discussed. An equal fraction of exposure taken in each beam mode is found to be close to optimal when considered over the entire space of interest.Fermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA) DE-AC02-07CH11359CNPq, FAPERJ, FAPEG and FAPESP, BrazilCFI, Institute of Particle Physics (IPP) and NSERC, CanadaCERNMŠMT, Czech RepublicERDF, H2020-EU and MSCA, European UnionCNRS/IN2P3 and CEA, FranceINFN, ItalyFCT, PortugalNRF, South KoreaComunidad de Madrid (CAM), Fundación “La Caixa,” Junta de Andalucía-FEDER, and MICINN, SpainSERI and SNSF, SwitzerlandTÜBİTAK, TurkeyThe Royal Society and UKRI/STFC, United KingdomDOE and NSF, United States of Americ

Separation of track- and shower-like energy deposits in ProtoDUNE-SP using a convolutional neural network

Liquid argon time projection chamber detector technology provides high spatial and calorimetric resolutions on the charged particles traversing liquid argon. As a result, the technology has been used in a number of recent neutrino experiments, and is the technology of choice for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). In order to perform high precision measurements of neutrinos in the detector, final state particles need to be effectively identified, and their energy accurately reconstructed. This article proposes an algorithm based on a convolutional neural network to perform the classification of energy deposits and reconstructed particles as track-like or arising from electromagnetic cascades. Results from testing the algorithm on experimental data from ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype of the DUNE far detector, are presented. The network identifies track- and shower-like particles, as well as Michel electrons, with high efficiency. The performance of the algorithm is consistent between experimental data and simulation.Fermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA) DE-AC02-07CH11359Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ) Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio De Janeiro (FAPERJ) Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Goias (FAPEG) Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Canada Foundation for Innovation IPP, Canada Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)CERNMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic Czech Republic GovernmentERDF, European Union H2020-EU, European Union MSCA, European UnionCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) French Atomic Energy CommissionIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology European CommissionNational Research Foundation of KoreaCAM, Spain La Caixa Foundation Junta de Andalucia-FEDER, Spain Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain (MICINN) Spanish Government Xunta de GaliciaSERI, Switzerland Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK)Royal Society of London UK Research & Innovation (UKRI)Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) United States Department of Energy (DOE) National Science Foundation (NSF) National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility DE-AC02-05CH1123

Identification and reconstruction of low-energy electrons in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector

Measurements of electrons from ν e interactions are crucial for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) neutrino oscillation program, as well as searches for physics beyond the standard model, supernova neutrino detection, and solar neutrino measurements. This article describes the selection and reconstruction of low-energy (Michel) electrons in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector. ProtoDUNE-SP is one of the prototypes for the DUNE far detector, built and operated at CERN as a charged particle test beam experiment. A sample of low-energy electrons produced by the decay of cosmic muons is selected with a purity of 95%. This sample is used to calibrate the low-energy electron energy scale with two techniques. An electron energy calibration based on a cosmic ray muon sample uses calibration constants derived from measured and simulated cosmic ray muon events. Another calibration technique makes use of the theoretically well-understood Michel electron energy spectrum to convert reconstructed charge to electron energy. In addition, the effects of detector response to low-energy electron energy scale and its resolution including readout electronics threshold effects are quantified. Finally, the relation between the theoretical and reconstructed low-energy electron energy spectra is derived, and the energy resolution is characterized. The low-energy electron selection presented here accounts for about 75% of the total electron deposited energy. After the addition of lost energy using a Monte Carlo simulation, the energy resolution improves from about 40% to 25% at 50 MeV. These results are used to validate the expected capabilities of the DUNE far detector to reconstruct low-energy electrons.Fermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ)Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio De Janeiro (FAPERJ)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Goias (FAPEG)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Canada Foundation for InnovationInstitute of Particle Physics (IPP), CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)CERNMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic Czech Republic GovernmentEuropean Union (EU) Marie Curie ActionsCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)French Atomic Energy Commission DE-AC02-07CH11359Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT)National Research Foundation of KoreaComunidad de MadridLa Caixa FoundationSpanish GovernmentSERI, SwitzerlandSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK)UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC)Royal SocietyUnited States Department of Energy (DOE)National Science Foundation (NSF)National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility DE-AC02-05CH1123

Scintillation light detection in the 6-m drift-length ProtoDUNE Dual Phase liquid argon TPC

DUNEis a dual-site experiment for long-baseline neutrino oscillation studies, neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay searches. ProtoDUNE Dual Phase (DP) is a 6×6×6m3 liquid argon time-projection-chamber (LArTPC) that recorded cosmic-muon data at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2019–2020 as a prototype of the DUNE FarDetector. Charged particles propagating through the LArTPC produce ionization and scintillation light. The scintillation light signal in these detectors can provide the trigger for non-beam events. In addition, it adds precise timing capabilities and improves the calorimetry measurements. In ProtoDUNE-DP, scintillation and electroluminescence light produced by cosmic muons in the LArTPC is collected by photomultiplier tubes placed up to 7m away from the ionizing track. In this paper, the ProtoDUNE-DP photon detection system performance is evaluated with a particular focus on the different wavelength shifters, such as PEN and TPB, and the use of Xe-doped LAr, considering its future use in giant LArTPCs. The scintillation light production and propagation processes are analyzed and a comparison of simulation to data is performed, improving understanding of the liquid argon properties.CERN CERN EP CERN BE CERN TE CERN ENIT Departments for NP04/ProtoDUNE-SPFermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA) DE-AC02-07CH11359Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ)Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio De Janeiro (FAPERJ) Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Goias (FAPEG) Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Canada Foundation for Innovation IPP, Canada Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic Czech Republic GovernmentERDF, European Union H2020-EU, European Union MSCA, European UnionCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) French Atomic Energy CommissionIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology European CommissionNational Research Foundation of KoreaCAM, Spain La Caixa Foundation Junta de Andalucia-FEDER, Spain Spanish Government Xunta de GaliciaSERI, Switzerland Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK)Royal Society of London UK Research & Innovation (UKRI)Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) United States Department of Energy (DOE) National Science Foundation (NSF) National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility DE-AC02-05CH1123

Impact of cross-section uncertainties on supernova neutrino spectral parameter fitting in the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment

This document was prepared by the DUNE Collaboration using the resources of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, HEP User Facility. Fermilab is managed by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA), acting under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. This work was supported by CNPq, FAPERJ, FAPEG and FAPESP, Brazil; CFI, IPP and NSERC, Canada; CERN; MSMT, Czech Republic; ERDF, H2020-EU and MSCA, European Union; CNRS/IN2P3 and CEA, France; INFN, Italy; FCT, Portugal; NRF, South Korea; CAM, Fundacion "La Caixa," Junta de Andalucia-FEDER, MICINN, and Xunta de Galicia, Spain; SERI and SNSF, Switzerland; TUBITAK, Turkey; The Royal Society and UKRI/STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. This work was also supported by FAPESB T. O. PIE 0013/2016 and UESC/PROPP 0010299-61.A primary goal of the upcoming Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is to measure the Oo10 thorn MeV neutrinos produced by a Galactic core-collapse supernova if one should occur during the lifetime of the experiment. The liquid-argon-based detectors planned for DUNE are expected to be uniquely sensitive to the & nu;e component of the supernova flux, enabling a wide variety of physics and astrophysics measurements. A key requirement for a correct interpretation of these measurements is a good understanding of the energy-dependent total cross section & sigma;oE & nu; thorn for charged-current & nu;e absorption on argon. In the context of a simulated extraction of supernova & nu;e spectral parameters from a toy analysis, we investigate the impact of & sigma;oE & nu; thorn modeling uncertainties on DUNE's supernova neutrino physics sensitivity for the first time. We find that the currently large theoretical uncertainties on & sigma;oE & nu; thorn must be substantially reduced before the & nu;e flux parameters can be extracted reliably; in the absence of external constraints, a measurement of the integrated neutrino luminosity with less than 10% bias with DUNE requires & sigma;oE & nu; thorn to be known to about 5%. The neutrino spectral shape parameters can be known to better than 10% for a 20% uncertainty on the cross-section scale, although they will be sensitive to uncertainties on the shape of & sigma;oE & nu; thorn . A direct measurement of low-energy & nu;e-argon scattering would be invaluable for improving the theoretical precision to the needed level.CERNERDF, H2020-EUMSCA, European UnionCAM, SpainLa Caixa FoundationJunta de Andalucia-FEDER, SpainSpanish GovernmentXunta de GaliciaMICINN, SpainFAPESB T. O. PIE0013/2016UESC/PROPP 0010299-6

Design, construction and operation of the ProtoDUNE-SP Liquid Argon TPC

The ProtoDUNE-SP detector was constructed and operated on the CERN Neutrino Platform. We gratefully acknowledge the support of the CERN management, and the CERN EP, BE, TE, EN and IT Departments for NP04/ProtoDUNE-SP. This document was prepared by the DUNE collaboration using the resources of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, HEP User Facility. Fermilab is managed by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA), acting under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. This work was supported by CNPq, FAPERJ, FAPEG and FAPESP, Brazil; CFI, IPP and NSERC, Canada; CERN; MŠMT, Czech Republic; ERDF, H2020-EU and MSCA, European Union; CNRS/IN2P3 and CEA, France; INFN, Italy; FCT, Portugal; NRF, South Korea; CAM, Fundación “La Caixa”, Junta de Andalucía-FEDER, and MICINN, Spain; SERI and SNSF, Switzerland; TÜBİTAK, Turkey; The Royal Society and UKRI/STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) that was constructed and operated in the CERN North Area at the end of the H4 beamline. This detector is a prototype for the first far detector module of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), which will be constructed at the Sandford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, U.S.A. The ProtoDUNE-SP detector incorporates full-size components as designed for DUNE and has an active volume of 7 × 6 × 7.2 m3. The H4 beam delivers incident particles with well-measured momenta and high-purity particle identification. ProtoDUNE-SP's successful operation between 2018 and 2020 demonstrates the effectiveness of the single-phase far detector design. This paper describes the design, construction, assembly and operation of the detector components.Fermi Research Alliance, LLC DE-AC02-07CH11359H2020-EUNational Science FoundationU.S. Department of Energy DE-AC02-05CH11231Office of ScienceFermilabH2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie ActionsCERNUK Research and InnovationNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaScience and Technology Facilities CouncilRoyal SocietyEuropean CommissionSingapore Eye Research InstituteSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloFundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoNational Research Foundation of KoreaInstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareFundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de GoiásCommissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies AlternativesEuropean Regional Development FundJunta de AndalucíaInstitut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particule

Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Near Detector Conceptual Design Report

FERMILAB-PUB-21-067-E-LBNF-PPD-SCD-T This document was prepared by the DUNE collaboration using the resources of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, HEP User Facility. Fermilab is managed by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA), acting under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. This work was supported by CNPq, FAPERJ, FAPEG and FAPESP, Brazil; CFI, IPP and NSERC, Canada; CERN; MŠMT, Czech Republic; ERDF, H2020-EU and MSCA, European Union; CNRS/IN2P3 and CEA, France; INFN, Italy; FCT, Portugal; NRF, South Korea; CAM, Fundación “La Caixa”, MICINN, GVA, Xunta de Galicia and AEI, Spain; SERI and SNSF, Switzerland; TÜBİTAK, Turkey; The Royal Society and UKRI/STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.This work was supported by CNPq, FAPERJ, FAPEG and FAPESP, Brazil; CFI, IPP and NSERC, Canada; CERN; MŠMT, Czech Republic; ERDF, H2020-EU and MSCA, European Union; CNRS/IN2P3 and CEA, France; INFN, Italy; FCT, Portugal; NRF, South Korea; CAM, Fundación “La Caixa”, MICINN, GVA, Xunta de Galicia and AEI, Spain; SERI and SNSF, Switzerland; TÜBİTAK, Turkey; The Royal Society and UKRI/STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America.The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international, world-class experiment aimed at exploring fundamental questions about the universe that are at the forefront of astrophysics and particle physics research. DUNE will study questions pertaining to the preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of supernovae, the subtleties of neutrino interaction physics, and a number of beyond the Standard Model topics accessible in a powerful neutrino beam. A critical component of the DUNE physics program involves the study of changes in a powerful beam of neutrinos, i.e., neutrino oscillations, as the neutrinos propagate a long distance. The experiment consists of a near detector, sited close to the source of the beam, and a far detector, sited along the beam at a large distance. This document, the DUNE Near Detector Conceptual Design Report (CDR), describes the design of the DUNE near detector and the science program that drives the design and technology choices. The goals and requirements underlying the design, along with projected performance are given. It serves as a starting point for a more detailed design that will be described in future documents.Fermi Research Alliance, LLC DE-AC02-07CH11359H2020-EUTÜBİTAKNational Science FoundationU.S. Department of Energy DE-AC02-05CH11231Multiple Sclerosis Center of AtlantaCERNUK Research and InnovationNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaScience and Technology Facilities CouncilRoyal SocietyEuropean CommissionSingapore Eye Research InstituteSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloMinisterstvo Školství, Mládeže a TělovýchovyFundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaGeneralitat ValencianaConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoNational Research Foundation of KoreaInstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareFundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de GoiásCommissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies AlternativesEuropean Regional Development FundXunta de GaliciaAgencia Estatal de InvestigaciónInstitut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particule

Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Near Detector Conceptual Design Report

International audienceThe Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international, world-class experiment aimed at exploring fundamental questions about the universe that are at the forefront of astrophysics and particle physics research. DUNE will study questions pertaining to the preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of supernovae, the subtleties of neutrino interaction physics, and a number of beyond the Standard Model topics accessible in a powerful neutrino beam. A critical component of the DUNE physics program involves the study of changes in a powerful beam of neutrinos, i.e., neutrino oscillations, as the neutrinos propagate a long distance. The experiment consists of a near detector, sited close to the source of the beam, and a far detector, sited along the beam at a large distance. This document, the DUNE Near Detector Conceptual Design Report (CDR), describes the design of the DUNE near detector and the science program that drives the design and technology choices. The goals and requirements underlying the design, along with projected performance are given. It serves as a starting point for a more detailed design that will be described in future documents