cycle of veterinary antibiotics in the ecosystem

In summary, antibiotics are poorly absorbed in the gut of animals (Jjemba, 2002). As a consequence a large part of the initial compound is excreted. From the application in livestock to manure, the range of excreted antibiotic residues lies between 17-90%. Part of these residues enters the environment through direct application on the field or through run off from the storage. After excretion the residues can also be re-transformed to the initial compound, and thus become active again (Sarmah, 2006). In this literature review we focus on the dispersal of the most frequently used antibiotic classes for veterinary purposes and its residues in the ecosystem

Lymphoma occurring in patients with cutaneous melanoma

Background Non-melanoma malignancies are not uncommon in patients with melanoma. This study sought to determine the incidence of lymphoma in patients with melanoma compared with the general population, and to characterise their clinical and pathological features. Methods Patients diagnosed with melanoma and lymphoma between January 1992 and December 2007 were identified from the databases of Melanoma Institute Australia (MIA) and the Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (RPAH). The clinical histories of the patients in the MIA database and pathology reports in the RPAH archives were reviewed. The incidence risk for melanoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma was obtained from Australian Cancer Incidence and Mortality registry data. Results Of 18 226 patients with melanoma, 55 (0.3%) had lymphoma. Lymphoma was diagnosed subsequent to melanoma in 23 (41.8%) patients, prior to melanoma in 7 (12.7%) patients, and concurrently with melanoma in 25 (45.5%) patients. 53 (96.4%) patients developed non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), the most common subtypes being chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (49.1%), follicular lymphoma (23.6%) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (16.4%). Two (3.6%) patients developed Hodgkin lymphoma. Melanoma patients had a significantly higher risk of developing NHL than the general population (standardised incidence rate 3.5). Conclusions A small but significant proportion of patients with melanoma develop lymphoma, either synchronously or metachronously. Lymph node specimens from melanoma patients might harbour lymphoma, and might represent the first recognised site of disease. A high index of suspicion for lymphoma when evaluating lymph nodes from patients with melanoma will ensure prompt diagnosis and appropriate management

Treatment and prognostic significance of positive interval sentinel nodes in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma

Item does not contain fulltextBACKGROUND: Interval sentinel nodes (SNs) are lymph nodes receiving direct lymphatic drainage from a primary site and lying between the tumor and a recognized node field. It is not clear what further nodal surgery should be performed when interval nodes are found to contain micrometastatic disease. In this study, the incidence, location, and treatment of interval SNs in melanoma patients were analyzed to develop recommendations regarding the treatment of patients with interval SNs. METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken of all patients with primary cutaneous melanoma who underwent lymphoscintigraphy at a single institution between 1992 and 2007. Data concerning the primary melanoma, location of SNs, treatment and survival were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 4895 patients who had a lymphoscintigram during the study period, 442 (9.0%) had an interval SN identified on lymphoscintigraphy. Interval SNs occurred significantly more often in patients with melanomas on the posterior trunk than in those with melanomas at other sites (P < 0.001). A total of 197 patients (44.6%) with an identified interval SN underwent excision biopsy of the node. Of the 16 patients found to have metastatic melanoma in their interval SN, four also had negative SNs in a recognized lymph node field, and no other positive nodes were found on completion lymphadenectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Interval SNs are present in approximately 1 in 10 melanoma patients but are about half as likely to contain metastases as SNs in recognized node fields. If a positive interval SN is found, completion lymphadenectomy of the recognized lymph node field is only recommended if a SN in this field is also positive

Impact of white matter hyperintensity location on depressive symptoms in memory-clinic patients: a lesion-symptom mapping study

Background We investigated the association between white matter hyperintensity location and depressive symptoms in a memory-clinic population using lesion-symptom mapping. Methods We included 680 patients with vascular brain injury from the TRACE-VCI cohort (mean age +/- standard deviation: 67 +/- 8 years; 52% female): 168 patients with subjective cognitive decline, 164 with mild cognitive impairment and 348 with dementia. We assessed depressive symptoms using the Geriatric Depression Scale. We applied assumption-free voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping, adjusted for age, sex, total white matter hyperintensity volume and multiple testing. Next, we applied exploratory region-of-interest linear regression analyses of major white matter tracts, with additional adjustment for diagnosis. Results Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping identified voxel clusters related to the Geriatric Depression Scale in the left corticospinal tract. Region-of-interest analyses showed no relation between white matter hyperintensity volume and the Geriatric Depression Scale, but revealed an interaction with diagnosis in the forceps minor, where larger regional white matter hyperintensity volume was associated with more depressive symptoms in subjective cognitive decline (beta = 0.26, p < 0.05), but not in mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Limitations We observed a lack of convergence of findings between voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping and region-of-interest analyses, which may have been due to small effect sizes and limited lesion coverage despite the large sample size. This warrants replication of our findings and further investigation in other cohorts. Conclusion This lesion-symptom mapping study in depressive symptoms indicates the corticospinal tract and forceps minor as strategic tracts in which white matter hyperintensity is associated with depressive symptoms in memory-clinic patients with vascular brain injury. The impact of white matter hyperintensity on depressive symptoms is modest, but it appears to depend on the location of white matter hyperintensity and disease severity

Cerebral amyloid burden is associated with white matter hyperintensity location in specific posterior white matter regions

White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are a common manifestation of cerebral small vessel disease. WMHs are also frequently observed in patients with familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease, often with a particular posterior predominance. Whether amyloid and tau pathologies are linked to WMH occurrence is still debated. We examined whether cerebral amyloid and tau burden, reflected in cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-beta 1-42 (A beta-42) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau), are related to WMH location in a cohort of 517 memory clinic patients. Two lesion mapping techniques were performed: voxel-based analyses and region of interest-based linear regression. Voxelwise associations were found between lower (A beta-42) and parieto-occipital periventricular WMHs. Regression analyses demonstrated that lower A beta-42 correlated with larger WMH volumes in the splenium of the corpus callosum and posterior thalamic radiation, also after controlling for markers of vascular disease. P-tau was not consistently related to WMH occurrence. Our findings indicate that cerebral amyloid burden is associated with WMHs located in specific posterior white matter regions, possibly reflecting region-specific effects of amyloid pathology on the white matter. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc