Patriarchal Negotiations: Women, Writing and Religion 1640-1660

PhDWomen were prominent in the Lollard movement in the fifteenth century, but it is only in the mid-seventeenth century that women begin to produce theological texts which contribute to the controversy over popular religious expression and women's part in religious culture. After 1640 women began to publish on a number of theological issues and in a wide range of genres: prose polemic, prophecy, autobiography and spiritual meditation. Subject to widespread criticism, they quickly had to fashion a rhetoric of justification with which to defend their intervention in print and pacify male critics. This thesis shows that they achieved this in two ways: by producing a literature which complied with the expectations of masculine theological culture and by manipulating these assumptions so as to create space for a female symbolic language of piety. They developed a literary self-consciousness which depends on the idea of subjectivity as a gendered experience and they often resisted their detractors by valorising denigrated forms of female subjectivity and pursuing theological conclusions irrespective of normative ideas of gender. Women did not engage in theological debate in isolation, however. They often intervened as committed members of religious sects and thus deserve to be read as representatives of corporate and communal theologies. In contrast to earlier studies which have sought to recover neglected women writers as early feminists, without reading their work historically, this thesis seeks to uncover the social and the theological rather than the authorial origin of much early modem women's writing and to measure its engagement with early modem debates on women and religious culture. It seeks to challenge the increasingly dominant view of early modem women writers which invests them with too modem an authorial presence, by reconstituting the seventeenth-century debates which gave rise to their work and by bringing modem French feminist perspectives to bear on a period largely untouched by theoretical approaches to literature. To this end it proceeds by way of several close readings of women who wrote as women and as Baptists, Independents, Levellers, Presbyterians and Quakers

An Exploratory Investigation of the Learning Styles of Students In an On-Line Degree Program

This study is an exploratory investigation into whether different leaning styles predict performance in an online course. Students enrolled in several cohorts of an accredited MBA program were surveyed with regard to their learning styles and those styles were correlated with the grades earned in the course. The program is unique in that the entire program could be completed online

Evaluating the Usability of Union Web Sites in the United States: A Case Study

Union membership has undergone a dramatic decline and some have hailed the internet as a means for unions to reverse their membership declines. This study examines the usability of union websites. The content of union websites has been analyzed, but the usefulness of that content, and the overall usability of the websites, has not been assessed. In order for unions to fully utilize the internet and realize the potential benefits of cyberspace usage, they must provide websites that users find easy to use and that provide useful content. This study employs Hassan and Li\u27s (2005) benchmarking approach in order to evaluate usability and content usefulness of union websites. Hassan and Li\u27s (2005) framework assesses screen appearance, media use, interactivity, accessibility, navigation, consistency, and content usefulness. This framework was applied to the websites of four U.S. unions: a craft union, a service sector union, a manufacturing sector union, and a public sector union. The results indicated that some unions may be missing up to one-third of the criteria deemed important by experts in the area of usability

The Effect of Collectivism on Union Attitudes and Beliefs

Researchers have attempted to understand the unionization process by examining the variables surrounding an individual’s decision to vote for a union. Despite the linkage of an individual’s attitude towards unions and the individual’s propensity to vote for a union, there has been little research which attempts to understand which personality constructs might be predictive of general attitudes towards unions. Using causal modeling techniques, we investigated the effect of collectivism on general union attitudes and union instrumentality beliefs with a sample of workers from the Southeastern United States. It was found that a more collectivist orientation is positively associated with beliefs about, and feelings towards, unions. Ancillary analyses revealed that African Americans held greater union favorability attitudes and greater positive beliefs about union instrumentality relative to Caucasians, though a more collectivist nature among African Americans did not explain these findings. It was also revealed that females had a more positive general attitude towards unions and were marginally more positive regarding the effects of unions on specific issues as compared to males

Evolutionary and therapeutic consequences of phenotypic heterogeneity in microbial populations

The historical notion of a microbial population has been of a clonal population of identical swimming planktonic cells in a laboratory flask. As the field has advanced, we have grown to appreciate the immense diversity in microbial behaviors, from their propensity to grow in dense surface-attached communities as a biofilm, to the consequences of social dilemmas between cells, to their ability to form spores able to survive nearly any environmental insult. However, the historically biased view of the clonal microbial population still persists – even when a rare phenotype is investigated, the focus simply shifts to that narrower focal population - and this bias can lead to some of the broader questions relating to the consequences of phenotypic diversity within populations to be overlooked. This work seeks to address this gap by investigating the evolutionary causes and consequences of phenotypic heterogeneity, with a focus on clinically relevant phenotypes. We first develop and experimentally validate a theoretical model describing the evolution of a microbial population faced with a trade-off between survival and fecundity phenotypes (e.g. biofilm and planktonic cells), which suggests that simultaneous investment in both types maximizes lineage fitness in heterogeneous environments. This model helps to inform the experimental studies in the following chapters. We find that biofilm-mediated phenotypic resistance to antibiotics is evolutionarily labile, and responsive to antibiotic dose and whether biofilm or planktonic cells are passaged. We also show that persistence in E. coli is age-independent, supporting the current hypothesis of stochastic metabolic fluctuations as the cause of this rare phenotype. Finally, we explore phenotypic variation across a library of natural isolates of P. aeruginosa, and find few organizing principles among key phenotypes related to virulence. Together these results suggest that phenotypic heterogeneity is a crucial component in the ecology and evolution of microbial populations, and directly affects pressing applied concerns such as the antibiotic resistance crisis

The Impact of Human Resource Information Systems: An Exploratory Study in the Public Sector

Various authors have advocated that the use of a Human Resource Information System (HRIS) should lead to valuable outcomes for the organization. Decreased costs, improved communication, and decreases in time spent on mundane activities should create an environment wherein the Human Resources (HR) department would play a more strategic role in the organization. This study is an initial attempt to determine whether HRIS has reached these potential benefits. Based on responses from a sample of HR directors of from public universities we found that, while valuable, HRIS has not yet reached its full potential in this environment

The Role of Arabidopsis RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Genes 3, 4 and 5 in Antiviral Defense

RNA silencing plays a critical role in plant defense against viral infection. Plants use virusderived small interfering RNA to target and silence invading viruses. The antiviral silencing pathway can be broken down into three conceptual stages: initiation, amplification, and systemic movement. The molecular mechanisms of silencing initiation are not well understood, but may involve dicer-like endonucleases and/or Argonaute proteins in complex with small RNAs. Silencing amplification, on the other hand, is mediated by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. In the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, there are six known RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) genes. Three of these genes (RDR1, RDR2 and RDR6) have been biologically characterized, and found to be active during the antiviral response. However, no function has been assigned to RDR3, RDR4 or RDR5. In this study, we sought to investigate whether RDR3, RDR4 or RDR5 genes participated in antiviral defense using A. thaliana and Turnip mosaic virus. Results obtained from single and quadruple mutant lines indicate that RDR3, RDR4 and RDR5 do not function in the main antiviral defense pathway in A. thaliana. Instead, the activity, if any, would be secondary to the pathways mediated by RDR1 and RDR6, and likely redundant between RDR3, RDR4 and RDR5

Assessing the Usability of Union Web Sites

This study examines the usability of union websites. Unions have suffered steep declines in membership, and some see the internet as a potential ally in the attempt to reverse these declines. However, there are questions concerning unions’ use of cyberspace to revitalize organizing. This study applies the Microsoft Usability Guidelines in a framework developed by Agarwal and Venkatesh (2002) to assess the usability of union websites. The union sites examined in this study scored high in terms of usability, when compared to previously assessed sites, indicating that unions are putting effort into creating useful web sites

Nutrient Sensing by Tas1R Proteins is Required for Normal Bone Resorption

Current therapies for low bone mass consist of inhibiting osteoclast activity or increasing the PTH or Wnt signaling pathways. These approaches have significant drawbacks that limit their use in specific patient populations and/or negatively impact patient compliance with therapy. Developing improved therapies requires diversifying our understanding of the mechanisms underlying postnatal bone remodeling by examining lesser-known signaling pathways. One such pathway is the taste receptor type 1 (TAS1R) family of heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors, which participates in monitoring energy and nutrient status. Previous work reported that global deletion of TAS1R member 3 (TAS1R3), which is a bi-functional protein that recognizes amino acids or sweet molecules when dimerized with TAS1R member 1 (TAS1R1) or TAS1R member 2 (TAS1R2), respectively, leads to increased cortical bone mass. Here, we corroborate the increased thickness of cortical bone in Tas1R3 knockout mice and confirm that Tas1R3 is expressed in the bone environment. Quantification of serum bone turnover markers indicate that this phenotype is likely due to uncoupled bone remodeling, with levels of the bone resorption marker CTx being reduced greater than 60% in Tas1R3 mutant mice; no changes were observed in levels of the bone formation marker PINP. Consistent with this, Tas1R3 and its putative signaling partner Tas1R2 are expressed in primary osteoclasts and RAW264.7 cells following RANKL-mediated differentiation. These findings suggest that osteoclast function and/or differentiation may be altered in the absence of Tas1R3 expression. To test this, we quantified bone-specific expression of Rankl and determined the Rankl:Opg ratio; no differences were observed between control and Tas1R3 knockout mice in these analyses. In vitro studies examining further downstream effectors of TAS1R2:3 in response to saccharin and receptor antagonist gurmarin are currently underway. Collectively, our findings provide the first demonstration that nutrient monitoring by TAS1R3 is essential for normal bone resorption in vivo

Roles and Programming of Arabidopsis ARGONAUTE Proteins during Turnip Mosaic Virus Infection

[EN] In eukaryotes, ARGONAUTE proteins (AGOs) associate with microRNAs (miRNAs), short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and other classes of small RNAs to regulate target RNA or target loci. Viral infection in plants induces a potent and highly specific antiviral RNA silencing response characterized by the formation of virus-derived siRNAs. Arabidopsis thaliana has ten AGO genes of which AGO1, AGO2, and AGO7 have been shown to play roles in antiviral defense. A genetic analysis was used to identify and characterize the roles of AGO proteins in antiviral defense against Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) in Arabidopsis. AGO1, AGO2 and AGO10 promoted anti-TuMV defense in a modular way in various organs, with AGO2 providing a prominent antiviral role in leaves. AGO5, AGO7 and AGO10 had minor effects in leaves. AGO1 and AGO10 had overlapping antiviral functions in inflorescence tissues after systemic movement of the virus, although the roles of AGO1 and AGO10 accounted for only a minor amount of the overall antiviral activity. By combining AGO protein immunoprecipitation with high-throughput sequencing of associated small RNAs, AGO2, AGO10, and to a lesser extent AGO1 were shown to associate with siRNAs derived from silencing suppressor (HC-Pro)-deficient TuMV-AS9, but not with siRNAs derived from wild-type TuMV. Co-immunoprecipitation and small RNA sequencing revealed that viral siRNAs broadly associated with wild-type HC-Pro during TuMV infection. These results support the hypothesis that suppression of antiviral silencing during TuMV infection, at least in part, occurs through sequestration of virus-derived siRNAs away from antiviral AGO proteins by HC-Pro. These findings indicate that distinct AGO proteins function as antiviral modules, and provide a molecular explanation for the silencing suppressor activity of HC-Pro.National Institutes of Health (www.nih.gov) grant AI43288 to JCC. National Science Foundation (www.nsf.gov) grant MCB-0956526 to JCC. Helen Hay Whitney (www.hhwf.org) Post-Doctoral fellowship (F-972) to HGR. USDA AFRI NIFA (www.csrees.usda.gov) Postdoctoral Fellowship (MOW-2012-01361) to NF. NSF (www.nsf.gov) Graduate Research Fellowship (DGE-1143954) to JSH Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (www.jsps.go.jp) Postdoctoral Fellowship to AT. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Garcia-Ruiz, H.; Carbonell, A.; Hoyer, JS.; Fahlgren, N.; Gilbert, KB.; Takeda, A.; Giampetruzzi, A.... (2015). Roles and Programming of Arabidopsis ARGONAUTE Proteins during Turnip Mosaic Virus Infection. 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The Mechanism Selecting the Guide Strand from Small RNA Duplexes is Different Among Argonaute Proteins. Plant and Cell Physiology, 49(4), 493-500. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcn043Azevedo, J., Garcia, D., Pontier, D., Ohnesorge, S., Yu, A., Garcia, S., … Voinnet, O. (2010). Argonaute quenching and global changes in Dicer homeostasis caused by a pathogen-encoded GW repeat protein. Genes & Development, 24(9), 904-915. doi:10.1101/gad.1908710Wei, W., Ba, Z., Gao, M., Wu, Y., Ma, Y., Amiard, S., … Qi, Y. (2012). A Role for Small RNAs in DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. Cell, 149(1), 101-112. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.002Zhang, X., Zhao, H., Gao, S., Wang, W.-C., Katiyar-Agarwal, S., Huang, H.-D., … Jin, H. (2011). Arabidopsis Argonaute 2 Regulates Innate Immunity via miRNA393∗-Mediated Silencing of a Golgi-Localized SNARE Gene, MEMB12. Molecular Cell, 42(3), 356-366. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2011.04.010Zhu, H., Hu, F., Wang, R., Zhou, X., Sze, S.-H., Liou, L. W., … Zhang, X. (2011). Arabidopsis Argonaute10 Specifically Sequesters miR166/165 to Regulate Shoot Apical Meristem Development. Cell, 145(2), 242-256. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.03.024Mallory, A. C., Hinze, A., Tucker, M. R., Bouché, N., Gasciolli, V., Elmayan, T., … Laux, T. (2009). Redundant and Specific Roles of the ARGONAUTE Proteins AGO1 and ZLL in Development and Small RNA-Directed Gene Silencing. PLoS Genetics, 5(9), e1000646. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000646Kasschau, K. D., Cronin, S., & Carrington, J. C. (1997). Genome Amplification and Long-Distance Movement Functions Associated with the Central Domain of Tobacco Etch Potyvirus Helper Component–Proteinase. Virology, 228(2), 251-262. doi:10.1006/viro.1996.8368Lakatos, L., Csorba, T., Pantaleo, V., Chapman, E. J., Carrington, J. C., Liu, Y.-P., … Burgyán, J. (2006). Small RNA binding is a common strategy to suppress RNA silencing by several viral suppressors. The EMBO Journal, 25(12), 2768-2780. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601164Mallory, A. C., Reinhart, B. 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