Activity-based anorexia: the effects of resistant starch

Anorexia nervosa is the third most common illness among adolescent females. Approximately one half the cases of anorexia nervosa have been suggested to be activity-induced. Various animal studies have been used to study human anorexia, particularly the activity-based anorexia model (ABA). The ABA paradigm consists of diet restriction and liberal access to activity, which ultimately results in a rapid decrease in both body weight and food intake paradoxical to the significant increase in activity. Because resistant starch (RS) has been shown to initiate a lower rise and a steady level of post-prandial blood glucose, it was hypothesized that a diet containing RS would reduce the severity of the anorexia associated with the ABA model. In this study, 56 five-wk old male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to 8 groups. Animals were fed a control diet (C-diet) or a RS-diet, on an ad libitum or a restricted-feeding (one 90min meal per day) schedule, and allowed 22-hr of access or no access to activity wheels. The study ended when majority of the ABA rats reached \u3c75% of their pre-experimental bodyweights. Within 4 days of the experiment, ABA rats on the RS-diet lost an average 66g of bodyweight compared to an average loss of 31g in the C-diet (p\u3c0.01). ABA rats on the RS-diet ran 31% more (NS), despite consuming 30% fewer calories per kg body weight, than those on the C-diet (p\u3c0.01). ABA rats fed the RS-diet had 3.97 times higher levels of plasma norepinephrine (NE) compared to their associated controls (p\u3c0.0001); ABA rats fed the C-diet had only 1.4 times the NE level of their corresponding controls (NS). All RS-fed rats had an average of 17-50% less fat pad (brown, perirenal, epididymal, & retroperitoneal) weights compared to C-fed rats (p\u3c0.02). Resistant starch exacerbates rather than mitigates the responses to the ABA paradigm

ONE FOOT IN, ONE FOOT OUT: TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING THE LEGAL AND ILLEGAL WORK OVERLAP

Extant literature investigating the relationship between legal and illegal work is expansive, spanning various disciplines using a wide array of methodological specifications. Despite this expansiveness legal and illegal work has traditionally been viewed as tradeoffs whereby legal work is seen as a catalyst to moving away from illegal work. However, bifurcation of legal and illegal work captures only one facet of the relationship between the two. For example, participating in legal and illegal work contemporaneously has been discussed by a number of scholars and has been observed in empirical studies. But detailed investigation into the legal and illegal overlap has been scant. By using the Pathways to Desistance Study, there were three main goals of the current study. The first goal was to document the heterogeneous patterns of legal and illegal work and how they overlap over time. Second, I examined if legal economic opportunities were associated with membership in illegal work trajectories, conditional on membership in legal work trajectories. The third goal was to consider if the legal and illegal overlap was associated with key criminal career dimensions: frequency of offending and offending variety. Results showed that there are heterogeneous patterns in both legal work and illegal work and the way in which they were linked. There was some support for the relationship between legal economic opportunities and membership in a higher illegal work group. The legal and illegal overlap was associated with a lower frequency of offending and endorsement of fewer types of instrumental crimes. Results were discussed in terms of implications for theory and future research

(Crime) School is in Session: Mapping Illegal Earnings to Institutional Placement

A growing consensus suggests that incarcerating offenders tends to have either null or criminogenic effects at both the individual and neighborhood levels. There is also further evidence that there are unintended consequences of incarcerating juvenile offenders such as delayed psychosocial development and school dropout. The current study considers a much less examined hypothesis — that correctional environments can facilitate the accumulation of “criminal capital” and might actually encourage offending by serving as a school of crime. Using unique panel data from a sample of serious juvenile offenders, we are able to identify the criminal capital effect by considering illegal earnings and information regarding institutional stays over a seven year period. We have two separate measures that tap into the different mechanisms by which offenders can acquire criminal capital within institutions: the prevalence of friends in the facility who have committed income generating crimes and the length of institutional stays as a cumulative dosage. We find that both facility measures have independent positive effects on an individual’s daily illegal wage rate, even after controlling for important time varying covariates. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed

Interprofessional Collaboration Between Occupational Therapists and Nurses in an Acute Care Setting: An Exploratory Study

Background. Collaboration between occupational therapists and nurses is key to a positive prognosis for their patients. Currently, there is a gap in the research on professional relationships between occupational therapists and registered nurses in acute care settings. Purpose. To examine interprofessional collaboration between registered nurses and occupational therapy in an acute care setting. Methods. A phenomenological, qualitative design with use of semi-structured interviews was used. Interviewees were four occupational therapists and four registered nurses who currently work in acute care settings in Northern California and were recruited through a snowball, convenience and purposive sampling. Themes and subthemes that emerged from the data answered the research questions. Findings. The key factors preventing collaboration were: Time constraints, role confusion and overlap, personality factors, and lack of occupational therapy advocacy. Implications. This study may guide the development of interprofessional education to improve the collaborative relationship between occupational therapists and nurses to ultimately improve quality of care

Interprofessional Collaboration Between Occupational Therapists and Registered Nurses in Acute Care Settings: An Exploratory Study

Background. Collaboration between occupational therapists and nurses is key to a positive prognosis for their patients. Currently, there is a gap in the research on professional relationships between occupational therapists and registered nurses in acute care settings. Purpose. To examine interprofessional collaboration between registered nurses and occupational therapy in an acute care setting. Methods. A phenomenological, qualitative design with use of semi-structured interviews was used. Interviewees were four occupational therapists and four registered nurses who currently work in acute care settings in Northern California and were recruited through a snowball, convenience and purposive sampling. Themes and subthemes that emerged from the data answered the research questions. Findings. The key factors preventing collaboration were: Time constraints, role confusion and overlap, personality factors, and lack of occupational therapy advocacy. Implications. This study may guide the development of interprofessional education to improve the collaborative relationship between occupational therapists and nurses to ultimately improve quality of care

Interprofessional Collaboration Between Occupational Therapists and Registered Nurses in Acute Care Settings: An Exploratory Study

Background. Collaboration between occupational therapists and nurses is key to a positive prognosis for their patients. Currently, there is a gap in the research on professional relationships between occupational therapists and registered nurses in acute care settings. Purpose. To examine interprofessional collaboration between registered nurses and occupational therapy in an acute care setting. Methods. A phenomenological, qualitative design with use of semi-structured interviews was used. Interviewees were four occupational therapists and four registered nurses who currently work in acute care settings in Northern California and were recruited through a snowball, convenience and purposive sampling. Themes and subthemes that emerged from the data answered the research questions. Findings. The key factors preventing collaboration were: Time constraints, role confusion and overlap, personality factors, and lack of occupational therapy advocacy. Implications. This study may guide the development of interprofessional education to improve the collaborative relationship between occupational therapists and nurses to ultimately improve quality of care.https://scholar.dominican.edu/ug-student-posters/1005/thumbnail.jp

Incidence, attributable mortality, and healthcare and out-of-pocket costs of Clostridioides difficile infection in US Medicare Advantage Enrollees

BACKGROUND: US attributable Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) mortality and cost data are primarily from Medicare fee-for-service populations, and little is known about Medicare Advantage Enrollees (MAEs). This study evaluated CDI incidence among MAEs from 2012 to 2019 and determined attributable mortality and costs by comparing MAEs with and without CDI occurring in 2018. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study assessed CDI incidence and associated mortality and costs for eligible MAEs ≥65 years of age using the de-identified Optum Clinformatics Data Mart database (Optum; Eden Prairie, Minnesota, USA). Outcomes included mortality, healthcare utilization, and costs, which were assessed via a propensity score-matched cohort using 2018 as the index year. Outcome analyses were stratified by infection acquisition and hospitalization status. RESULTS: From 2012 to 2019, overall annual CDI incidence declined from 609 to 442 per 100 000 person-years. Although the incidence of healthcare-associated CDI declined overall (2012, 53.2%; 2019, 47.2%), community-associated CDI increased (2012, 46.8%; 2019, 52.8%). The 1-year attributable mortality was 7.9% (CDI cases, 26.3%; non-CDI controls, 18.4%). At the 2-month follow-up, CDI-associated excess mean total healthcare and out-of-pocket costs were $13 476 and$396, respectively. Total excess mean healthcare costs were greater among hospitalized (healthcare-associated, $28 762; community-associated,$28 330) than nonhospitalized CDI patients ($5704 and$2320, respectively), whereas total excess mean out-of-pocket cost was highest among community-associated hospitalized CDI patients ($970). CONCLUSIONS: CDI represents an important public health burden in the MAE population. Preventive strategies and treatments are needed to improve outcomes and reduce costs for healthcare systems and this growing population of older US adults