Phytoremédiation de sols pollués par les hydrocarbures – évaluation des potentialités de six espèces végétales tropicales

Les écoulements et les transferts de matières à travers les sols et sous-sols sont des processus qui impactent les ressources en eau. Ainsi, la restauration des milieux dégradés participe à la préservation de la qualité de la ressource. Afin de contribuer à la décontamination des sols pollués par phytoremédiation - technique de dépollution basée sur l’action des plantes en association avec les micro-organismes du sol - des inventaires floristiques de sites potentiellement pollués et non pollués (témoins) par les hydrocarbures ont été réalisés dans quatre villes du Cameroun. Sur la base d'indicateurs floristiques, six espèces ont été sélectionnées, et leurs capacités phytoremédiatrices testées dans un sol pollué par du fioul à 82,5 mL∙kg‑1 de sol pendant 150 jours en présence de trois modalités : Tn - sols non pollués plantés (6), To - sols pollués non plantés (3) et Tp - sols pollués plantés (18). La biodiversité des sites pollués (106 espèces, 76 genres et 30 familles) est moins élevée que celle des témoins (166 espèces, 125 genres et 50 familles). Les espèces les plus fréquentes (Fri > 10 %) et abondantes (7 % < A < 10 %) sur les sites potentiellement pollués sont dominées par 15 espèces tropicales; parmi lesquelles, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC†, Commelinpa benghalensis L., Cleome ciliata Schum. et Thonn., et Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson, sont utilisées dans des essais de phytoremédiation des sols contaminés au fioul domestique. Seules trois de ces espèces, notamment E. indica, C. dactylon et A. sessilis ont pu survivre et se développer. Contrairement à A. sessilis, E. indica et C. dactylon ne présentent pas de différence significative pour les paramètres de croissance considérés entre les modalités Tn et Tp. Les espèces E. indica et C. dactylon seraient donc plus tolérantes au fioul domestique que l’espèce A. sessilis.Flows and transfers of materials through soils and subsoils are processes that impact water resources. Thus the restoration of degraded areas contributes to the preservation of the quality of the resource. In order to contribute to the decontamination of polluted soil, phytoremediation (a clean-up technique based on the action of plants in association with soil microorganisms), floristic surveys of potentially polluted and unpolluted (control) sites by hydrocarbons were carried out in four cities of Cameroon. On the basis of floristic indicators, six species were selected and their phytoremediation capacities tested in a soil polluted by fuel oil at 82.5 mL∙kg‑1 of soil for 150 d in the presence of three modalities: Tn - unpolluted soil planted (6), To - unplanted polluted soils (3) and Tp - polluted soil planted (18). The biodiversity of polluted sites (106 species, 76 genera and 30 families) was lower than the controls (166 species, 125 genera and 50 families). The most frequent species (Fri > 10%) and most abundant (7% < A < 10%) on potentially polluted sites were dominated by 15 tropical species; among these, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC†, Commelinpa benghalensis L., Cleome ciliata Schum. & Thonn. and Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson were used in phytoremediation trials on soil polluted with domestic oil. Only three of these species, including E. indica, C. dactylon and A. sessilis, were able to survive and develop. Unlike A. sessilis, E. indica and C. dactylon showed no significant difference for the growth parameters considered between the Tn and Tp modalities. E. indica and C. dactylon are therefore more tolerant to domestic oil than A. sessilis

Effects of varying PAHs-polluted soils on the morpho-anatomy and physiology of Bermuda grass

This study was conducted to show the effects of high PAH levels on the external and internal structures as well as the functioning of a Poaceae species – Bermuda grass – during phytoremediation process. Two modalities – Tn: unpolluted planted soil and Tp: polluted planted soil – are applied to the monoculture of Bermuda grass for pollution at 10%, 20%, and 30% (weight/weight) with fuel oil, and co-cropping with Goosegrass in soils polluted at 10%. Morphological results revealed that monoculture is better than co-cropping as the sociability of the two species is negatively affected by PAHs. Contrary to monoculture, in the co-cropping the relative growth rate of Bermuda grass morphological parameters is decreasing over time in Tp. For monoculture, the aboveground plant density of Bermuda grass in Tp is not significantly different to Tn, while its specific root length is higher in Tn than Tp. Anatomical and physiological analyses of Bermuda grass show that PAHs impacted the hydromineral nutrition of this species. In fact, the vascular bundles of the stems and roots of Bermuda grass were less numerous in Tp, and the chlorophyll synthesis was 50% inhibited. Despite the slower physiological processes of Bermuda grass in polluted soils, the phytotoxicity of very high PAH levels is not fatal to this species. Its development and evolution on soils highly polluted with PAHs and its phytoremediation potential (more than 95% for total petroleum hydrocarbons and up to 100% for chrysene) therefore recognize it as particularly suitable for hydrocarbon phytoremediation, with wide geographical application thanks to its cosmopolitan nature.</p

Modelling PAHs Transfer from Polluted Soil to Herbaceous Species in Phytoremediation Attempts

To address the soil&ndash;plant transfer modelling of 13 US-EPA Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), a mechanistic model&mdash;MM_19&mdash;has been developed based on the fugacity concept. For that, the Mackay_97 model has been improved in terms of reconsidering the losses related to the transport and transformation mechanisms taking place in the compartments&mdash;roots and aboveground shoots&mdash;of the three short-life species (Eleusine indica, Cynodon dactylon and Alternanthera sessilis). Model input parameters consist of both experimental and literature data, including the initial soil and air PAHs content, flowrates, PAHs physico-chemical properties, retention times and transport half-lives of PAHs inside plant species. Using in situ weather data and Penman&rsquo;s law, xylem flows were estimated as the evapotranspiration for each plant. Model calibration was performed using a Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) nonlinear optimization solver method. Sensitivity analysis showed that the phloem flow was the most sensitive among all tested parameters. According to the Nash&ndash;Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), the MM_19 model is more efficient than the Mackay_97 model for all three plant species. Finally, the impact of PAHs physico-chemical parameters on their sol-plant transfer was discussed in terms of slight, intermediate and high molecules weight. The NSE values showed that the MM_19 model is more efficient than the Mackay_97 model. Indeed, comparisons between experimental and simulated results in the MM_19 model showed similarities for each compartment of the plant species. Thus, the MM_19 model can be used to predict the soil&ndash;plant transfer of organic pollutants

Phytoremédiation de sols pollués par les hydrocarbures – évaluation des potentialités de six espèces végétales tropicales

Les écoulements et les transferts de matières à travers les sols et sous-sols sont des processus qui impactent les ressources en eau. Ainsi, la restauration des milieux dégradés participe à la préservation de la qualité de la ressource. Afin de contribuer à la décontamination des sols pollués par phytoremédiation - technique de dépollution basée sur l’action des plantes en association avec les micro-organismes du sol - des inventaires floristiques de sites potentiellement pollués et non pollués (témoins) par les hydrocarbures ont été réalisés dans quatre villes du Cameroun. Sur la base d'indicateurs floristiques, six espèces ont été sélectionnées, et leurs capacités phytoremédiatrices testées dans un sol pollué par du fioul à 82,5 mL∙kg‑1 de sol pendant 150 jours en présence de trois modalités : Tn - sols non pollués plantés (6), To - sols pollués non plantés (3) et Tp - sols pollués plantés (18). La biodiversité des sites pollués (106 espèces, 76 genres et 30 familles) est moins élevée que celle des témoins (166 espèces, 125 genres et 50 familles). Les espèces les plus fréquentes (Fri &gt; 10 %) et abondantes (7 % &lt; A &lt; 10 %) sur les sites potentiellement pollués sont dominées par 15 espèces tropicales; parmi lesquelles, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC†, Commelinpa benghalensis L., Cleome ciliata Schum. et Thonn., et Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson, sont utilisées dans des essais de phytoremédiation des sols contaminés au fioul domestique. Seules trois de ces espèces, notamment E. indica, C. dactylon et A. sessilis ont pu survivre et se développer. Contrairement à A. sessilis, E. indica et C. dactylon ne présentent pas de différence significative pour les paramètres de croissance considérés entre les modalités Tn et Tp. Les espèces E. indica et C. dactylon seraient donc plus tolérantes au fioul domestique que l’espèce A. sessilis.Flows and transfers of materials through soils and subsoils are processes that impact water resources. Thus the restoration of degraded areas contributes to the preservation of the quality of the resource. In order to contribute to the decontamination of polluted soil, phytoremediation (a clean-up technique based on the action of plants in association with soil microorganisms), floristic surveys of potentially polluted and unpolluted (control) sites by hydrocarbons were carried out in four cities of Cameroon. On the basis of floristic indicators, six species were selected and their phytoremediation capacities tested in a soil polluted by fuel oil at 82.5 mL∙kg‑1 of soil for 150 d in the presence of three modalities: Tn - unpolluted soil planted (6), To - unplanted polluted soils (3) and Tp - polluted soil planted (18). The biodiversity of polluted sites (106 species, 76 genera and 30 families) was lower than the controls (166 species, 125 genera and 50 families). The most frequent species (Fri &gt; 10%) and most abundant (7% &lt; A &lt; 10%) on potentially polluted sites were dominated by 15 tropical species; among these, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC†, Commelinpa benghalensis L., Cleome ciliata Schum. & Thonn. and Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson were used in phytoremediation trials on soil polluted with domestic oil. Only three of these species, including E. indica, C. dactylon and A. sessilis, were able to survive and develop. Unlike A. sessilis, E. indica and C. dactylon showed no significant difference for the growth parameters considered between the Tn and Tp modalities. E. indica and C. dactylon are therefore more tolerant to domestic oil than A. sessilis