Effects of Wake Turbulence on Aircraft Wing Model Experimental Method

A research on studying the effect of the wake generated by an aircraft wing section on a following aircraft wing section is performed. NACA 2412 is chosen as the airfoil model in this project. The airfoil model is fabricated by using CNC machining. Aluminium is chosen as the material for the airfoil model because it provides a good surface finish. Three experiments are conducted by using the open-circuit wind tunnel in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). The wind tunnel tests were carried out at the velocity of 5m/s to 30m/s in a test section of the size 0.30m (W), 0.30m (H) and 0.60m (L), at the Reynolds number of 4.10 x 104 to 2.54 x 105. Experiment 1 is the testing of single airfoil model to define the coefficient of lift, coefficient of drag and Reynolds number at various angles of attack. Experiment 1 is functioning as references for comparison for Experiment 2 and Experiment 3. Experiment 2 and Experiment 3 are the testing of two airfoil models at a separating distance of 1 chord length (13cm) and 2 Chord lengths (26cm) respectively. The main objective of Experiment 2 and Experiment 3 are to study the effects of wake turbulence on the characteristic of coefficient of lift, coefficient of drag and Reynolds number of a following airfoil model when an airfoil model is placed in front of it at a specific distance. The characteristics of the wake generated by an airfoil model on a following airfoil model are observed and studied during the testing in wind tunnel. Further investigations, discussions and conclusions are carried out throughout completing this research project. The results show that the separating distance between the two airfoils affects the coefficient of lift, coefficient of drag and the stall angle of the following airfoil at various angle of attack and free stream velocity

The Role Of The Microflora And Microfauna Communities In The Production Of Udang Galah (Macrobrachium Rosenbergii (De Man) Juveniles Using The 'Modified Static "Green-Water" System'

The modified static " green-water " system ' for the production of udang galah juveniles was developed by Ang and Cheah (1986) .However , studies on the microbial community are scant . There fore , experiments were conducted to study the functioning of the 'modified static " green-water " system ' with respect to the microflora and microfauna community and the effect of light intensity on the system.Four series of experiments were conducted at various light intensities to study the effect of light intensity on the system with respect to community structure . Experiments were conducted for the duration of the larviculture period which ranged from 20 to 25 days . Results were compared using Morosita's index of similarity

Effects Of Torque Direction, Shape, Size, Sensation And Technique On Pinch Force

In manual work, high pinch force exertions can be associated with the development of hand-related musculoskeletal disorders. Conversely, low pinch force exertions can cause slippages, which can lead to hand-related injuries. In association to this, researchers found that handgrip force is significantly affected by torque direction, size and sensation. However, there appear to be few related studies on the effects of different pinch parameters on pinch force. The novelty of this research lies in its aim which is to disclose the effects of pinch parameters such as the torque direction of pinches, shape and size of objects, sensation of fingers and technique of pinches on pinch force. The research uses a full factorial design of experiment with 5 variables. Three common types of screw knobs of 3 different shapes (spherical, cylindrical, 5-lobes) and sizes (large, medium, small) are identified and fabricated for the experiment, which involves approximately 30 participants. Participants are required to pinch the knobs with 3 commonly-used pinch techniques (lateral, 3-jaw chuck, pulp-2) while wearing pressure sensors that record the forces between the fingertips and knobs. The forces are recorded in Minitab 16. The analysis of variance is used to determine the effects of the main and combinatorial factors on pinch force while the response surface regression and response optimisation are used to determine the optimised pinch force response. It is found that pinch force is significantly affected by all the main parameters. For the two-way interactions, only interactions of sensation with pinch technique, sensation with size, pinch technique with torque direction, pinch technique with size, torque direction with size and shape with size are significant. A response surface regression model representing these effects is also generated. This is useful for the pinch force prediction using any of the parameter combinations. By defining the predicted maximum, minimum and average pinch force responses through the response optimisation, a total of 3 major factorial combinations were identified. The findings potentially aid the development of both safety and design guidelines for ergonomic precision designs. Although much research is required, it is hoped that this study can serve as a precursory guideline for researchers to further expound ideas related to pinch force capacity

Effects of the Wake Turbulence on Aircraft Wing Model: Experimental Method

A research on studying the effect ofthe wake generated by an aircraft wing section on a following aircraft wing section is performed. NACA 2412 is chosen as the airfoil model in this project. The airfoil model is fabricated by using CNC machining. Aluminium is chosen as the material for the airfoil model because it provides a good surface finish. Three experiments are conducted by using the open-circuit wind tunnel in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). The wind tunnel tests were carried out at the velocity of 5m/s to 30m/s in a test section of the size 0.30m (W), 0.30m (H) and 0.60m (L), at the Reynolds number of4.10 x 104 to 2.54 x 105. Experiment 1 isthe testing of single airfoil model to define the coefficientoflift, coefficient of drag and Reynoldsnumber at various angles of attack. Experiment 1 is functioning as references for comparison for Experiment 2 and Experiment 3. Experiment 2 and Experiment 3 are the testing of two airfoil models at a separating distance of 1 chord length (13cm) and 2 Chord lengths (26cm) respectively. The main objective of Experiment 2 and Experiment 3 are to study the effects of wake turbulence on the characteristic of coefficient of lift, coefficient of drag and Reynolds number of a following airfoil model when an airfoil model is placed in front of it at a specific distance. The characteristics of the wake generated by an airfoil model on a following airfoil model are observed and studied during the testing in wind tunnel. Further investigations, discussions and conclusions are carried out throughout completing this research project. The results show that the separating distance between the two airfoils affects the coefficient of lift, coefficient of drag and the stall angle of the following airfoil at various angle of attack and free stream velocity

Pluralising the European energy landscape: Collective renewable energy prosumers and the EU's clean energy vision

To fulfil the European Union's (EU) goal of providing ‘Clean Energy for All Europeans', a transformative shift from centralised, fossil-fuel based systems to decentralised systems based on renewable energy sources (RES) is envisaged. Keen to lead the clean energy transition while embedding technological innovation and elements of justice and equitability into the envisioned ‘Energy Union’, EU Member States need their citizens on board as active participants. Prosumerism or self-consumption is an important part of this citizen involvement. While the new EU regulatory framework for energy now recognises civic-inspired prosumer initiatives such as energy communities, little is known about the full range and diversity of collective actors in renewable energy self-consumption as well as how they engage with the changing energy system. This paper presents an exploratory categorisation of the different collective social actors that produce and consume energy from renewable sources, referred to as ‘collective RES prosumers’, aiming to clarify their participation in the energy landscape. We find six categories with different engagement and needs, which we relate to the EU's current framing of collective energy actors. We recommend fine-tuning policies to the different actors to support a true-to-vision transposition of the recently completed Clean Energy Package (CEP).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Parallel Pipeline Implementation of 64-bit FPU on Hardware

This project is entitled "Parallel Pipelined Implementation of 64-bit FPU on Hardware". Most modern processors typically have two different logic units which handlethe calculations requiredby the computer. One of them is the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) which operates on integer operands while the other is the floating point unit (FPU) which operates on real operands. The aim of this project is therefore to create a FPUwhich complies withthe IEEE-754 double precision standard (64-bit). The project also aims to study the speed improvements offered by parallel and pipelined design. The project also requires application of advanced digital design techniques by using Verilog in a real world project. The designed FPU is targeted to be capable of performing floating point addition (FADD), subtraction (FSUB), multiplication (FMUL) and division (FDIV) operations equally as fast. The FPU must also demonstrate the performance rewards of the parallel and pipeline design. It is thus implied that the project would require an initial study on FP numbers and FP arithmetic. How FP arithmetic is actually implemented in hardware must also be know in-depth. The section on methodology details each steps that is expected to be taken throughout the course of the project. The methodology would serve as a general guideline to execute the project and more details and other refinements may be made as further progress is made into the project. The project basically has two main phases, the first being software RTL coding to be completed in semester 1 while the second is hardware implementation and testing in FPGA. The results available from the project thus far is incomplete, because of time constraints, the Verilog coding is not totally finished. Oncethe codes are done, RTL tests and simulation would need to be conducted, and then only will it be implemented on the FPGA

Effects of the Wake Turbulence on Aircraft Wing Model: Experimental Method

A research on studying the effect ofthe wake generated by an aircraft wing section on a following aircraft wing section is performed. NACA 2412 is chosen as the airfoil model in this project. The airfoil model is fabricated by using CNC machining. Aluminium is chosen as the material for the airfoil model because it provides a good surface finish. Three experiments are conducted by using the open-circuit wind tunnel in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). The wind tunnel tests were carried out at the velocity of 5m/s to 30m/s in a test section of the size 0.30m (W), 0.30m (H) and 0.60m (L), at the Reynolds number of4.10 x 104 to 2.54 x 105. Experiment 1 isthe testing of single airfoil model to define the coefficientoflift, coefficient of drag and Reynoldsnumber at various angles of attack. Experiment 1 is functioning as references for comparison for Experiment 2 and Experiment 3. Experiment 2 and Experiment 3 are the testing of two airfoil models at a separating distance of 1 chord length (13cm) and 2 Chord lengths (26cm) respectively. The main objective of Experiment 2 and Experiment 3 are to study the effects of wake turbulence on the characteristic of coefficient of lift, coefficient of drag and Reynolds number of a following airfoil model when an airfoil model is placed in front of it at a specific distance. The characteristics of the wake generated by an airfoil model on a following airfoil model are observed and studied during the testing in wind tunnel. Further investigations, discussions and conclusions are carried out throughout completing this research project. The results show that the separating distance between the two airfoils affects the coefficient of lift, coefficient of drag and the stall angle of the following airfoil at various angle of attack and free stream velocity

Effects of Wake Turbulence on Aircraft Wing Model Experimental Method

A research on studying the effect of the wake generated by an aircraft wing section on a following aircraft wing section is performed. NACA 2412 is chosen as the airfoil model in this project. The airfoil model is fabricated by using CNC machining. Aluminium is chosen as the material for the airfoil model because it provides a good surface finish. Three experiments are conducted by using the open-circuit wind tunnel in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). The wind tunnel tests were carried out at the velocity of 5m/s to 30m/s in a test section of the size 0.30m (W), 0.30m (H) and 0.60m (L), at the Reynolds number of 4.10 x 104 to 2.54 x 105. Experiment 1 is the testing of single airfoil model to define the coefficient of lift, coefficient of drag and Reynolds number at various angles of attack. Experiment 1 is functioning as references for comparison for Experiment 2 and Experiment 3. Experiment 2 and Experiment 3 are the testing of two airfoil models at a separating distance of 1 chord length (13cm) and 2 Chord lengths (26cm) respectively. The main objective of Experiment 2 and Experiment 3 are to study the effects of wake turbulence on the characteristic of coefficient of lift, coefficient of drag and Reynolds number of a following airfoil model when an airfoil model is placed in front of it at a specific distance. The characteristics of the wake generated by an airfoil model on a following airfoil model are observed and studied during the testing in wind tunnel. Further investigations, discussions and conclusions are carried out throughout completing this research project. The results show that the separating distance between the two airfoils affects the coefficient of lift, coefficient of drag and the stall angle of the following airfoil at various angle of attack and free stream velocity

Coordinated movement of multiple robots in an unknown and cluttered environment

Master'sMASTER OF ENGINEERIN

Longer bars for bigger numbers? children’s usage and understanding of graphical representations of algebraic problems

In Singapore, primary school students are taught to use bar diagrams to represent known and unknown values in algebraic word problems. However, little is known about students’ understanding of these graphical representations. We investigated whether students use and think of the bar diagrams in a concrete or a more abstract fashion. We also examined whether usage and understanding varied with grade. Secondary 2 (N = 68, Mage = 13.9 years) and Primary 5 students (N = 110, Mage = 11.1 years) were administered a production task in which they drew bar diagrams of algebraic word problems with operands of varying magnitude. In the validation task, they were presented with different bar diagrams for the same word problems and were asked to ascertain, and give explanations regarding the accuracy of the diagrams. The Küchemann algebra test was administered to the Secondary 2 students. Students from both grades drew longer bars to represent larger numbers. In contrast, findings from the validation task showed a more abstract appreciation for how the bar diagrams can be used. Primary 5 students who showed more abstract appreciations in the validation task were less likely to use the bar diagrams in a concrete fashion in the production task. Performance on the Küchemann algebra test was unrelated to performance on the production task or the validation task. The findings are discussed in terms of a production deficit, with students exhibiting a more sophisticated understanding of bar diagrams than is demonstrated by their usage