The role of the cerebellum in adaptation: ALE meta‐analyses on sensory feedback error

It is widely accepted that unexpected sensory consequences of self‐action engage the cerebellum. However, we currently lack consensus on where in the cerebellum, we find fine‐grained differentiation to unexpected sensory feedback. This may result from methodological diversity in task‐based human neuroimaging studies that experimentally alter the quality of self‐generated sensory feedback. We gathered existing studies that manipulated sensory feedback using a variety of methodological approaches and performed activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta‐analyses. Only half of these studies reported cerebellar activation with considerable variation in spatial location. Consequently, ALE analyses did not reveal significantly increased likelihood of activation in the cerebellum despite the broad scientific consensus of the cerebellum's involvement. In light of the high degree of methodological variability in published studies, we tested for statistical dependence between methodological factors that varied across the published studies. Experiments that elicited an adaptive response to continuously altered sensory feedback more frequently reported activation in the cerebellum than those experiments that did not induce adaptation. These findings may explain the surprisingly low rate of significant cerebellar activation across brain imaging studies investigating unexpected sensory feedback. Furthermore, limitations of functional magnetic resonance imaging to probe the cerebellum could play a role as climbing fiber activity associated with feedback error processing may not be captured by it. We provide methodological recommendations that may guide future studies

Low-cost and sustainable (nano)catalysts derived from bone waste: catalytic applications and biofuels production

The application of (bio)wastes as alternatives to expensive existing catalysts is an approach that can be used to reduce environmental pollution problems. Animal bone wastes have attracted much attention as environmentally friendly heterogeneous catalysts for chemical transformations such as transesterification, oxidation, and biofuel production, owing to the substantial availability of valuable hydroxyapatite (HAp) in their structure. Most catalysts based on bone can be prepared easily by calcination. High-temperature calcination yields highly active catalysts. Heterogeneous catalysts prepared from these renewable sources could also simply be reused and recovered without any important loss of catalytic performance. This paper reviews past efforts and recent progress on the development of different eco-friendly catalysts derived from bone waste and some of their catalyzed chemical transformations. However, future challenges focus on crediting the conversion of unusable wastes to valuable sources to meet global requirements © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Lt

Valorisation of nuts biowaste: Prospects in sustainable bio(nano)catalysts and environmental applications

The nutrient resources make up a significant portion of wastes from all around the world. According to several recent studies, nuts and their residues are regarded as valuable natural resources for a nutrition and the other applications. The presence of waste nut residues in nature may lead to the environmental problems. The use of this waste for various applications is a very important issue. Nuts contain precious chemicals, which may be advantageous for preparing (nano)materials for the catalytic purposes. Different parts of nuts such as shell, kernel, extracts, etc. have valuable components, which can be used directly to make a variety of heterogeneous catalysts or as stabilising and reducing agents for nanoparticles. For example, the shell of some nuts is rich in lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, which can be used as an effective and environmentally friendly supports for the heterogeneous catalysts. The design and application of safer and cheaper catalytic systems for different applications including organic synthesis, hydrogen evolution reactions, oxidation reactions, hydrolysis, degradation of pollutants, etc., are an extreme necessity in which nuts and their wastes can play a significant part due to their excellent chemical properties. Cheaper catalysts comprise of natural compounds such as biopolymers, aluminosilicates, kernel shells, zeolites, diatomites, agricultural wastes (such as bagasse pith, rice husk, smaise cob, coconut shell), nut wastes, etc. These compounds are of natural origin and therefore do not harm the environment. Since they are considered a type of waste, they are also cheap and economical. This review for the first time summarises the preparation of (nano)materials from nuts as an environmentally benign resources and their catalytic applications and highlights the industrial benefits and potential applications of these economically sustainable green resources to convert waste to wealth. The recent developments in the synthesis and applications of bio(nano)catalysts in catalytic and environmental areas have been discussed. In this review, the application of nuts as an efficient supports and green reducing agents for the synthesis of nanomaterials has been discussed. Due to the beneficial compounds, which they contain, activated carbon can be extracted from them and used to make heterogeneous catalysts. These bio(nano)catalysts are applied for organic synthesis, hydrogen evaluation reaction (HER), oxidation reactions and hydrolysis for an environmental applications in reduction and degradation of nitro compounds and organic dyes. © 2022 Elsevier Lt