Evolving macro-actions for planning

Domain re-engineering through macro-actions (i.e. macros) provides one potential avenue for research into learning for planning. However, most existing work learns macros that are reusable plan fragments and so observable from planner behaviours online or plan characteristics offline. Also, there are learning methods that learn macros from domain analysis. Nevertheless, most of these methods explore restricted macro spaces and exploit specific features of planners or domains. But, the learning examples, especially that are used to acquire previous experiences, might not cover many aspects of the system, or might not always reflect that better choices have been made during the search. Moreover, any specific properties are not likely to be common with many planners or domains. This paper presents an offline evolutionary method that learns macros for arbitrary planners and domains. Our method explores a wider macro space and learns macros that are somehow not observable from the examples. Our method also represents a generalised macro learning framework as it does not discover or utilise any specific structural properties of planners or domains

Thirty-Three Stata Tips

Since 2003, the Stata Journal has published Stata Tips on special issues in data analysis with Stata. Now Thirty-three Stata Tips compiles these useful guides into a compact tome for ease of reference. In keeping with the Stata spirit, Tips are from Stata users and StataCorp employees alike and will serve as guideposts for both new and experienced users.data management, statistics, graphics, Stata

Letter from J. H. Newton to William Langer Regarding an Order to grant a new trial in State v. Stepp, 1920

In this letter dated June 16, 1920, Clerk of the ND Supreme Court J. H. Newton notifies Attorney General Langer that on June 16, 1920, an order by the District Court of Cavalier County in the case of State v. Stepp is reversed and a new trial for the case is granted. He follows by writing that the defeated party has 20 days from the day of the order to file six copies of petition for rehearing. See also: 1221https://commons.und.edu/langer-papers/1169/thumbnail.jp

Letter from J. H. Newton to William Langer regarding Langer\u27s presence in State v. Stepp, 1920

Letter dated June 5, 1920 from J. H. Newton, clerk for the North Dakota Supreme Court, to Attorney General William Langer notifying Langer that on June 10th the Supreme Court will call for argument the case of State v. Stepp and asking whether he will be present.https://commons.und.edu/langer-papers/1088/thumbnail.jp

Letter from Clerk of Supreme Court J. H. Newton to Langer regarding State v. Stepp and Motion to Dismiss appeal, 1920

Letter dated May 17, 1920 from Clerk of N.D. Supreme Court J. H. Newton informing Attorney General William Langer that an order was entered on May 17, 1920 in the case of State v. Stepp to dismiss the appeal unless the records and the necessary documents from the appellant are on file in the court by May 25, 1920.https://commons.und.edu/langer-papers/1114/thumbnail.jp

Letter to Attorney General From State of North Dakota Supreme Court regarding Denial of Motion State vs. Stepp

Letter dated September 20, 1919 from North Dakota Supreme Court clerk J.H.Newton, announcing an order denying the motion to dismiss the case of State vs. Stepp. See also: 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153https://commons.und.edu/langer-papers/1149/thumbnail.jp

An operational system for subject switching between controlled vocabularies: A computational linguistics approach

The NASA Lexical Dictionary (NLD), a system that automatically translates input subject terms to those of NASA, was developed in four phases. Phase One provided Phrase Matching, a context sensitive word-matching process that matches input phrase words with any NASA Thesaurus posting (i.e., index) term or Use reference. Other Use references have been added to enable the matching of synonyms, variant spellings, and some words with the same root. Phase Two provided the capability of translating any individual DTIC term to one or more NASA terms having the same meaning. Phase Three provided NASA terms having equivalent concepts for two or more DTIC terms, i.e., coordinations of DTIC terms. Phase Four was concerned with indexer feedback and maintenance. Although the original NLD construction involved much manual data entry, ways were found to automate nearly all but the intellectual decision-making processes. In addition to finding improved ways to construct a lexical dictionary, applications for the NLD have been found and are being developed

Effects of Chemical Feedbacks on Decadal Methane Emissions Estimates

The coupled chemistry of methane, carbon monoxide (CO), and hydroxyl radical (OH) can modulate methane's 9‐year lifetime. This is often ignored in methane flux inversions, and the impacts of neglecting interactive chemistry have not been quantified. Using a coupled‐chemistry box model, we show that neglecting the effect of methane source perturbation on [OH] can lead to a 25% bias in estimating abrupt changes in methane sources after only 10 years. Further, large CO emissions, such as from biomass burning, can increase methane concentrations by extending the methane lifetime through impacts on [OH]. Finally, we quantify the biases of including (or excluding) coupled chemistry in the context of recent methane and CO trends. Decreasing CO concentrations, beginning in the 2000's, have notable impacts on methane flux inversions. Given these nonnegligible errors, decadal methane emissions inversions should incorporate chemical feedbacks for more robust methane trend analyses and source attributions