The Effects of U.S. Tax Policy on the Income Repatriation Patterns of U.S. Multinational Corporations

U.S. corporations owe taxes to the U.S. Treasury on income earned both inside and outside American borders. This paper examines the incentives created by the U.S. tax system for the legal avoidance of taxes on foreign source income. Using data from 1986 corporate tax returns, we investigate the extent to which U.S. corporations structure and coordinate remittances of income from their foreign subsidiaries to reduce their U.S. and foreign tax liabilities. In contrast to previous work in this area, our estimates of the tax consequences of income remittances from foreign subsidiaries to parent corporations explicitly take into account the ability to use foreign tax credits generated from one source of foreign income to offset the U.S. tax liability generated by other sources of foreign income, withholding tax rates on income remittances, variations in source country corporate income tax systems, and dynamic aspects of the U.S. tax system. Our findings indicate that U.S. multinationals are able to take advantage of the U.S. tax system to avoid paying much U.S. tax on their foreign source income.

Energy Drink Consumption and Stress Levels of Undergraduate College Students Who Are Introverts and Extroverts

The purpose of this quantitative comparative analysis study was to determine the difference between perceived stress levels, and caffeine consumption (energy drinks) among undergraduate college students who are introverts and extroverts. Study questions include: Is there a difference in levels of caffeine consumption (energy drinks) and students who are introverts and students who are extroverts? Is there a difference between students who consume caffeine (energy drinks) and stress levels? IRB approval was obtained for this study. Participants (N = 93) were Undergraduate students and a sample of convenience. The study consisted of men (n = 47) and women (n = 46). An anonymous survey was distributed, and was self-disclosure style discovering gender, age, perceived and actual introvert/extrovert personality type, their caffeine consumption (energy drinks), and their perceived and actual stress levels. The survey included two Likert scales, one to determine level of stress, and another to establish introvert or extrovert status. From select questions in the stress scale, the results suggested that those who consume caffeine (energy drinks) were prone to a higher perceived stress levels.https://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/stdt_rsch_day_2013/1010/thumbnail.jp

Should we Move our Headquarters Abroad?: An Analysis of Corporate Inversion

In recent years, companies from a plethora of industries have participated in the act of corporate inversion, which is essentially moving the headquarters of a company to a subsidiary branch located in another country. There are some substantial benefits as well as drawbacks to this practice; therefore, the objective of this project is to examine this from an accounting and international business perspective. This project will investigate the research of corporate inversion, including both current and potential legislation, and give guidance to companies deciding to move abroad as well as using a hypothetical company to examine this phenomenon in a written memo to a higher-up employee. The goal of this research including the formation of the hypothetical company is to determine if it is in the best interests of most companies to move their headquarters abroad and if not, what opportunities they should take during the era of globalization. The written memo will also help me practice professionalism and decision-making, two very important skills to take with me into my career of accounting and international business. Based off this research, this project discovered that at the current time, corporations inside of the United States can use loopholes in the US tax code to lower their tax liability so that inversion is not required and the complications that come with inversion can be avoided

An Evaluation of Bull Trout Movement Dynamics in the Walla Walla River

Bull trout are a fish species listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act.Historically, they ranged from Northern California at the southernmost extent, into Canada at the northern most extent, and east into Nevada and Montana. Bull trout are highly migratory and require large, unfragmented habitats to persist and are thus highly susceptible to human induced land-use practices. The goal of my thesis was to obtain a better understanding of bull trout movement patterns in the Walla Walla River, Washington using complimentary techniques; Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT)technology and otolith microchemistry. PIT tags can be injected into a fish body cavity, similar to how pets are “chipped”, and as the fish swim through antennas placed in the river, their location and movements are be documented.Otolith microchemistry is a technique that is similar to analysis of tree rings. The otolith, a hard bony structure of a fish’s ear, develops over a lifetime and as the rings of the otolith are created the chemical signature in the water in which they live is recorded and can be compared to chemical makeup of water samples collected through the river system. Using these two techniques, I found that the age or size of a fish and the season are important factors to explain both a fish’s movements and where in the river a fish might be located at a given time. Knowing at what size, age and season a fish is attempting to migrate allows managers to provide the best possible river conditions (e.g., temperatures, flow) to allow for unimpeded migrations to occur and to foster conservation and recovery of bull trout populations

Do Repatriation Taxes Matter? Evidence from the Tax Returns of U.S. Multinationals

An open question in the literature on the taxation of multinational corporations is whether repatriation taxes influence whether the profits of foreign subsidiaries are repatriated or reinvested abroad. Theoretical models suggest that dividend remittances should not be influenced by repatriation taxes. The results of recent empirical work indicate that dividend remittances are sensitive to repatriation taxes. This paper investigates whether the empirical evidence can be reconciled with the theoretical results by recognizing that repatriation taxes on dividends may vary over time and provide firms with an incentive to time repatriations so that they occur in years when repatriation tax rates are relatively low. We use information about cross-country differences in tax rates to separately estimate the influence of permanent tax changes, as would occur due to changes in statutory tax rates, and transitory tax changes on dividend repatriations. Our data contains U.S. tax return information for a large sample of U.S. corporations and their foreign subsidiaries. We find that the permanent tax price effect is significantly different from the transitory price effect and is not significantly different from zero, while the transitory tax price effect is negative and significant. This suggests that repatriation taxes do affect dividend repatriation behavior but only to the extent that they vary over time. Previous empirical work has apparently measured the effect of timing behavior.

On the reaction in a mixture of hydrous ferrous ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of ArtsTwo supplemental files are included.In connection with work in this laboratory it had been observed that a reaction takes place between hydrous ferrous ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride when they are intimately mixed and kept in tightly closed bottles, with the loss of ferrous iron. The purpose of this investigation was to study the reaction. This was done by determining the percentage of ferrous iron in the mixture after definite intervals of time. Also the percentage of chlorine in the mixture unnder the same conditions

Mathematical Programming Model for Fighter Training Squadron Pilot Scheduling

The United States Air Force fighter training squadrons build weekly schedules using a long and tedious process. Very little of this process is automated and optimality of any kind is nearly impossible. Schedules are built to a feasible condition only to be changed with consideration of Wing level requirements. Weekly flying schedules are restricted by requirements for crew rest, days since a pilot\u27s last sortie, sorties in the last 30 days, and sorties in the last 90 days. By providing a scheduling model to the pilot charged with creating the schedule, valuable pilot hours could be spent in the cockpit, simulator, or other required duty. This research effort presents a mathematical programming (MP) approach to the fighter squadron pilot training scheduling problem. The methodology presented is based on binary variables that will provide integer solutions to every feasible set of inputs. A simulator heuristic developed specifically for this problem assigns pilots to simulator sorties based on the feasible solutions obtained from two different formulation and solving approaches. One approach assigns training mission sorties and duties for the entire week, while the other approach breaks the week into ten successive sub-problems. The model constructs two feasible schedules in approximately 2.5 minutes