25 research outputs found
Cell Lineage Analysis of the Mammalian Female Germline
Fundamental aspects of embryonic and post-natal development, including maintenance of the mammalian female germline, are largely unknown. Here we employ a retrospective, phylogenetic-based method for reconstructing cell lineage trees utilizing somatic mutations accumulated in microsatellites, to study female germline dynamics in mice. Reconstructed cell lineage trees can be used to estimate lineage relationships between different cell types, as well as cell depth (number of cell divisions since the zygote). We show that, in the reconstructed mouse cell lineage trees, oocytes form clusters that are separate from hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells, both in young and old mice, indicating that these populations belong to distinct lineages. Furthermore, while cumulus cells sampled from different ovarian follicles are distinctly clustered on the reconstructed trees, oocytes from the left and right ovaries are not, suggesting a mixing of their progenitor pools. We also observed an increase in oocyte depth with mouse age, which can be explained either by depth-guided selection of oocytes for ovulation or by post-natal renewal. Overall, our study sheds light on substantial novel aspects of female germline preservation and development
Evaluation of predictive factors for i-CLARAS (intraoperative complications in laparoscopic renal and adrenal surgery): a multicentre international retrospective cohort study
The laparoscopic approach represents the standard of treatment for renal and adrenal diseases, and its use is increasing even outside referral centres. Although most procedures are routinely performed, intraoperative complications do not occur, and the rate and predictive factors of these complications have not been established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and type of intraoperative complications and to identify predictive factors in patients undergoing laparoscopic renal and adrenal surgery. This was a cohort, multicentre, international retrospective study. Patients who underwent laparoscopic renal and adrenal surgeries between April 2017 and March 2022 were included in the study. Bivariate analysis was performed using contingency tables and the χ2 test for independent samples to compare qualitative variables and the T test and Mood test for continuous variables. Multivariate analysis was performed using a logistic regression model to obtain adjusted odds ratios. A total of 2374 patients were included in the study. Intraoperative complications were reported for 8.09% of patients who underwent renal surgery, with the most common complications reported being hollow viscus and vascular complications, and for 6.75% of patients who underwent adrenal surgery, with the most common complication reported being parenchymatous viscous complications. Multivariate analysis revealed that both adrenal and renal surgery radiological preoperative factors, such as invasive features during adrenalectomy and the RENAL score during nephrectomy, are predictive factors of intraoperative complications. In contrast to existing data, surgeon experience was not associated with a reduction in the incidence of perioperative complications
Peritoneal Adhesion and Angiogenesis in Ovarian Carcinoma Are Inversely Regulated by Hyaluronan: The Role of Gonadotropins1
Ovarian carcinoma is the leading cause of death among gynecologic cancers. Although transformation of the outer ovarian epithelium was linked with ovulation, the disease is significantly more prevalent and severe in postmenopausal women. We postulated that menopause could augment ovarian cancer progression through the effects of gonadotropins on multifocal seeding to the mesothelial layer lining the peritoneum. This seeding is mediated by integrins as well as by CD44 interaction with hyaluronan (HA). Here, we report the effect of gonadotropins on HA synthesis and degradation and on peritoneal adhesion. A significant concentration- and time-dependent induction in expression levels of HA synthases (HASs) and hyaluronidases (Hyals) was observed in vitro on stimulation of human epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells by gonadotropins. Hormonal regulation of HA-mediated adhesion was manifested in vivo as well, by fluorescence microscopy of stained MLS multicellular tumor spheroids. The number of spheroids adhered to the mesothelium of ovariectomized CD-1 nude mice 9.5 hours after intraperitoneal insertion was significantly higher than in nonovariectomized mice. Inhibition of HA synthesis by 6-diazo-5-oxo-1-norleucine (DON) both in spheroids and ovariectomized mice significantly reduced the number of adhered spheroids. Thus, the change in the hormonal environment during menopause assists in HA-dependent adherence of ovarian cancer spheroids onto the peritoneum. However, HA is antiangiogenic and it can significantly suppress tumor progression. Accordingly, angiogenesis of the adhered spheroids was significantly elevated in DON-treated tumors. These results can explain the selective pressure that can lead to simultaneously increased tumor expression of both HASs and Hyals
Harnessing Competing Endocytic Pathways for Overcoming the Tumor-Blood Barrier: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Near-Infrared Imaging of Bifunctional Contrast Media
The Role of Heparanase in Lymph Node Metastatic Dissemination: Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI of Eb Lymphoma in Mice
Heparanase expression has been linked to increased tumor invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis and with poor prognosis. The aim of the study was to monitor the effect of heparanase expression on lymph node metastasis, in heparanase-overexpressing subcutaneous Eb mouse T-lymphoma tumors, and their draining lymph node. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using biotin-BSA-GdDTPA-FAM/ROX was applied for analysis of blood volume, vascular permeability, and interstitial convection, and for detection of very early stages of such metastatic dissemination. Eb tumors increased extravasation, interstitial convection, and lymphatic drain of the contrast material. Interstitial flow directions were mapped by showing radial outflow interrupted in some tumors by directional flow toward the popliteal lymph node. Heparanase expression significantly increased contrast enhancement of the popliteal lymph node but not of the primary tumor. Changes in MR contrast enhancement preceded the formation of pathologically detectable metastases, and were detectable when only a few enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing Eb cells were found near and within the nodes. These results demonstrate very early, heparanase-dependent vascular changes in lymph nodes that were visible by MRI following administration of biotin-BSA-GdDTPA-FAM/ROX, and can be used for studying the initial stages of lymph node infiltration
Human sex hormone-binding globulin does not provide metabolic protection against diet-induced obesity and dysglycemia in mice
Background: Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is the main transporter of sex
hormones in most vertebrates. Low SHBG levels have been linked to increased risk for
diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Polymorphisms of the SHBG gene linked to low SHBG
protein levels also strongly predicted increased risk of type 2 diabetes, thus raising
the possibility that SHBG may play a role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and
diabetes.
Aim: To examine whether expression of human SHBG in mice may ameliorate the
development of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in response to a high-fat diet (HFD).
Methods: Transgene mice expressing a human SHBG transgene (SHBG+) (N = 10/11; males/
females) and their wild type littermates (N = 12/8; males/females) were fed HFD for
4.5 months.
Results: HFD induced comparable obesity in control and SHBG+ mice. Male transgenes
had higher muscle mass after 2–3.5 months HFD (0.43 ± 0.028 (n = 4) vs 0.38 ± 0.053 g
(n = 7), P = 0.05). Fasting blood glucose, as well as insulin or HOMA-IR, was not different
in transgenic vs wild-type males after 4–5 months HFD. Female transgenes had higher
fasting glucose (152 ± 29 (n = 7) vs 115 ± 27 mg/dL, P = 0.01 (n = 8)), but mean insulin
and HOMA-IR were not different. Likewise, insulin tolerance test and intra-peritoneal
glucose tolerance test (GTT) were not different. Finally, SHBG+ mice were not different
from controls in terms of liver enzymes, serum triglyceride levels and blood pressure.
Conclusion: In mice with diet-induced obesity, human SHBG did not protect against
development of obesity or dysglycemia