SAS/IML Macros for a Multivariate Analysis of Variance Based on Spatial Signs

Recently, new nonparametric multivariate extensions of the univariate sign methods have been proposed. Randles (2000) introduced an affine invariant multivariate sign test for the multivariate location problem. Later on, Hettmansperger and Randles (2002) considered an affine equivariant multivariate median corresponding to this test. The new methods have promising efficiency and robustness properties. In this paper, we review these developments and compare them with the classical multivariate analysis of variance model. A new SAS/IML tool for performing a spatial sign based multivariate analysis of variance is introduced.

Negative inversion, negative concord and sentential negation in the history of English

It is claimed in van Kemenade (2000: 62) that clauses with initial negative constituents are a context in which subject–verb inversion occurs throughout the history of English. However, different patterns of negative inversion are seen at different periods of English. I argue that changes in the availability of negative inversion reflect changes in the way sentential scope for negation is marked in negative concord constructions. Thus, negative concord involving Middle and Early Modern English not does not co-occur with negative inversion, but negative concord involving Middle English ne does. Changes to negative inversion can be seen to parallel changes in the way sentential scope negation is expressed at successive stages of the Middle English Jespersen Cycle. I propose that the changes to negative inversion and Jespersen's Cycle should both be analysed as changes in the ability of negative items to mark sentential scope for negation. This observation can be formalised within a Minimalist framework as variation in the LF-interpretability of negative features, following the account of Jespersen's Cycle proposed by Wallage (2008)

Comparison of damage risks in even- and uneven-aged forestry in Finland

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Gathering and visualization of monitoring data

Työ on ollut case-tutkimus valvontadatapalvelimen suunnittelusta ja pystyttämisestä. Palvelin sijoitettiin julkisesti saataville, ja se ottaa ajastetusti vastaan muualla mitattua julkistamiskelpoista dataa. Tämän tutkimuksen päämääränä on selvittää keskitetyn valvontadatan visualisointijärjestelmän vaihtoehtoja, jotka tuottaisivat graafeja sekä asiakkaille järjestelmien kuormitus- ja käyttöasteesta, että johdolle ja ylläpidolle komponenttien tilasta, vikatiheydestä ja käyttöpolitiikan noudattamisesta. Tavoitteena on myös aloittaa järjestelmän pystyttäminen ja todentaa sen toimivuus ja jatkokehitysmahdollisuudet. Palvelimella hyödynnetään ilmaisia ja avoimia ohjelmistoja, jotta ratkaisu voitaisiin toistaa tarvittaessa muissa ympäristöissä pienin kustannuksin. Palvelimen ensimmäiseksi datalähteeksi valittiin konesalien tehomittaukset. Järjestelmän tietoturvasta pyritään pitämään huolta automaattisilla päivityksillä sekä tiedonkeräystapojen valinnalla. Tutkimuksessa painotetaan valvontajärjestelmän toteutuksen suunnittelua sekä toteutuksen käyttöönoton edistämistä organisaatiossa. Dokumentin on tarkoitus olla apuna muille ylläpitäjille sekä organisaatioille vastaavien projektien harkinnassa sekä toteuttamisessa. Tutkimusmenetelminä käytettiin kirjallisuustutkimusta sekä käytännön toteutuksen myötä oppimista. Olennaiset tulokset työstä ovat että tehonkäytön hyötysuhde (PUE)-mittari kaipaa kehittämistä tai suhteuttamista muihin konesalin tunnuslukuihin edistääkseen parhaiten ympäristötavoitteita. Samoin datan tallentaminen useassa muodossa mahdollistaa jatkokehityksen kuten datan avaamisen julkiseksi tai uusien visualisointityökalujen käyttöönoton.This work is a case study in design and implementation of a system monitoring service. The service was made available to everyone, and the server receives scheduled transfers of measurements done elsewhere that are cleared for publishing. The aim of this research is to research alternatives for a centralized visualization system for operations monitoring, with the main function to produce informative graphs of both system load and usage for the end-users and system status, error frequencies and compliance with usage guidelines for the system administrators and managers. Part of that aim is to set up an intial system and verify it's functions and development potential. As a principle, free and open source software are prioritized, so that the solution would be re-usable in other environments with minimal costs. The first dataset was chosen to be machine hall power usage measurements. System security is designed to be upheld by automatic applying of updates and design of information flows. The research puts focus on the planning phase and the deployment of the platform inside the organization. This work is intended to help other administrators and organizations in planning and implementing similar projects. Research methods used include literature research and learning through implementation. Relevant results of this work are that the use of Power Usage Efficiency (PUE) as the defining factor of machine halls environmental effectiveness requires more investigation, or at least comparisons to other factors of machine halls to better reflect its environmental goals. Also, the storage of data in multiple formats allows further development, like wider publication of data and deployment of improved visualization tools

XMM-Newton and Chandra Cross Calibration Using HIFLUGCS Galaxy Clusters: Systematic Temperature Differences and Cosmological Impact

Cosmological constraints from clusters rely on accurate gravitational mass estimates, which strongly depend on cluster gas temperature measurements. Therefore, systematic calibration differences may result in biased, instrument-dependent cosmological constraints. This is of special interest in the light of the tension between the Planck results of the primary temperature anisotropies of the CMB and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich plus X-ray cluster counts analyses. We quantify in detail the systematics and uncertainties of the cross-calibration of the effective area between five X-ray instruments, EPIC-MOS1/MOS2/PN onboard XMM-Newton and ACIS-I/S onboard Chandra, and the influence on temperature measurements. Furthermore, we assess the impact of the cross calibration uncertainties on cosmology. Using the HIFLUGCS sample, consisting of the 64 X-ray brightest galaxy clusters, we constrain the ICM temperatures through spectral fitting in the same, mostly isothermal, regions and compare them. Our work is an extension to a previous one using X-ray clusters by the IACHEC. Performing spectral fitting in the full energy band we find that best-fit temperatures determined with XMM-Newton/EPIC are significantly lower than Chandra/ACIS temperatures. We demonstrate that effects like multitemperature structure and different relative sensitivities of the instruments at certain energy bands cannot explain the observed differences. We conclude that using XMM-Newton/EPIC, instead of Chandra/ACIS to derive full energy band temperature profiles for cluster mass determination results in an 8% shift towards lower OmegaM values and <1% shift towards higher sigma8 values in a cosmological analysis of a complete sample of galaxy clusters. Such a shift is insufficient to significantly alleviate the tension between Planck CMB anisotropies and SZ plus XMM-Newton cosmological constraints.Comment: Accepted by A&A; Python-Script for modification of XMM-Newton/EPIC and Chandra/ACIS effective areas according to the stacked residual ratios: https://wikis.mit.edu/confluence/display/iachec/Data