Balancing Screen Time: Teaching To The Whole Student

In a technology driven world, I often wonder where the balance is between the utility of technology tools, such as smartphones, tablets, or computers, and the social and health implications of the intense use of these technologies. On the one hand, smartphones, tablets, and other like devices, deliver information at the touch of our fingertips in ways only imagined just a few decades ago. The use of these technologies has greatly increased our capacity for research and learning new information. Because of this speed and efficiency of accessible information, along with the ability to reach anyone at any time, it seems that most of the population has a smartphone, and a growing number of people also have tablets or laptops that they can take with them anywhere. This phenomenon of constantly being accessible and “plugged in” is no different for our school-aged kids, and often even impacting younger kids as well. I think it is time to take a hard look at the potential consequences of students always being connected to these devices. What does this mean to child development and mental health? And what are the consequences, good and bad, for learning and education? It is through this lens that I explore my essential question: To what extent should student screen time be managed to maximize learning? In a review of selected literature influenced by Adam Alter, Eric Jensen, Catherine DeWeese and many others, my capstone paper and website-based project aims to add to the conversation of why balancing technology use is important for students, and really for everyone. Misuse of technology can impact learning, sleep, and overall well-being. The capstone website is designed to be an accessible way to raise awareness of this amongst administrators, teachers, parents and guardians, as well as students

Disorder in crystal structures : new approaches in finding the best model

A new approach has been implemented in the refinement program CRYSTALS that enables the crystallographer to treat structures with disordered parts in an intuitive way, improving the refined models and saving a considerable amount of time. Roughly half of all crystal structure analyses suffer from some kind of problems. Many of them are problems involving disorder, which keep the crystallographer busy, often for many hours and days. Many disordered structures can be described rationally as the molecule taking advantage of one or more of its degrees of freedom. However, an equivalent easy approach is not provided by the traditional way to build crystallographic models for refinement. New scripts in CRYSTALS now help the scientist to deal with disorder with more ease. The scripting environment in CRYSTALS provides a mechanism for formalising procedures which have to be repeated frequently and partially automating them. The new scripts help the crystallographer to first regularize the geometry of structural fragments that have become distorted during initial refinement of the starting model. After this step, disorder models with two components are set up by applying a non-crystallographic symmetry operator to the prototype regularised component in order to create a duplicate in the alternative position. Restraints to keep the geometrical features of the disordered fragments within defined boundaries can be created in an automated way. Finally, the user is assisted in the different steps of refining this two-component disorder model before integrating it into the final refinement of the whole structure. On the way through the refinement of the disorder the new scripts keep the model consistent, even in the case where extensions of the disorder assembly or modifications to it are necessary. This feature too results in saving time. Searching errors in long hand edited instruction lists used to be tedious and time consuming. While first tests show promising results the current development is aimed to extend the number of cases this approach can be adapted to. Disorder models with more than two components, assisted model building for disordered solvent molecules, inclusion of non-atomic electron density descriptors in the scripts or the development of validation criteria and tools for the way disorder has been refined are possible fields for future work on the base of this concept

Trends in the unequal pay of women and men across three British generations

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

The development of pulsed waveforms for the electrochemical detection of inorganic and organic compounds in flow-injection analysis and liquid chromatography

Methods are described for the electrochemical detection of several classes of electroactive elements and compounds utilizing pulsed waveforms in flow-injection and liquid chromatographic systems. Particular emphasis is placed on the development of waveforms for the rejection of ubiquitous background interferences as well as for the enhancement of sensitivity and detectability;Constant potential pulse polarography is described for the determination of reversible electroactive ions, such as Cd(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II), in the presence of dissolved oxygen with no apparent interferences;Pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) is described for the detection of carbohydrates with an asymmetric two-step waveform at a gold electrode in alkaline media, without a loss in sensitivity in comparison to three-step waveforms. PAD schemes based upon the use of a gold electrode instead of platinum are presented with special emphasis on the amperometric detection of carbohydrates in alkaline solutions;Pulsed coulometric detection (PCD) at a constant detection potential was introduced to increase the overall linear dynamic range for the detection of carbohydrates through a lowering of detection limits. PCD at swept detection potentials was developed to reduce automatically background signals resulting from oxide formation and double-layer charging at noble metal electrodes and thus eliminates the need for special offset compensation circuitry. The background drift commonly observed with PAD as a result of electrode surface reformation processes was eliminated. In addition, the background signal was found to be virtually independent of small changes in eluent pH, and thus may be used in liquid chromatographic schemes which employ pH-step or pH-gradient elution;Pulsed coulometric detection was also extended to the determination of heavy metal ions which are reversibly reduced at a gold electrode. Limits of detection for most metals, e.g., Hg(II), Bi(III), Pb(II), and Cd(II) are 0.1-10 (mu)M for a two-step waveform applied with a frequency of 1 Hz

The surprising lability of bis(2,2’:6’,2’’-terpyridine)- chromium(III) complexes

The complex [Cr(tpy)(O3SCF3)3] (tpy = 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine) is readily made from [Cr(tpy)Cl3] and is a convenient precursor to [Cr(tpy)2][PF6]3 and to [Cr(tpy)(4′-(4-tolyl)tpy)][PF6]3 and [Cr(tpy)(5,5′′-Me2tpy)][PF6]3 (4′-(4-tolyl)tpy = 4′-(4-tolyl)-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine; 5,5′′-Me2tpy = 5,5′′-dimethyl-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine); these are the first examples of heteroleptic bis(tpy) chromium(III) complexes. The single crystal structures of 2{[Cr(tpy)2][PF6]3}·5MeCN, [Cr(tpy)(4′-(4-tolyl)tpy)][PF6]3·3MeCN and [Cr(tpy)(5,5′′-Me2tpy)][PF6]3·3MeCN have been determined. Each cation contains the expected octahedral {Cr(tpy)2}3+ unit; in all three structures, the need to accommodate three anions per cation and the solvent molecules prevents the formation of a grid-like array of cations that is typical of many lattices containing {M(tpy)2}2+ motifs. Three reversible electrochemical processes are observed for [Cr(tpy)(4′-(4-tolyl)tpy)][PF6]3 and [Cr(tpy)(5,5′′-Me2tpy)][PF6]3, consistent with those documented for [Cr(tpy)2]3+. At pH 6.36, aqueous solutions of [Cr(tpy)2][PF6]3 are stable for at least two months. However, contrary to the expectations of the d3 Cr3+ ion being a kinetically inert metal centre, the tpy ligands in [Cr(tpy)2]3+are labile in the presence of base; absorption and 1H NMR spectroscopies have been used to monitor the effects of adding NaOH to aqueous and CD3OD solutions, respectively, of the homo- and heteroleptic complexes. Ligand dissociation is also observed when [Bu4N]F is added to CD3OD solutions of the complexes, but in aqueous solution, [Cr(tpy)2][PF6]3 is stable in the presence of fluoride ion

Differential Object Marking in Corsican: Regularities and triggering factors

The paper deals with Differential Object Marking in Corsican. After a short introduction, it gives an overview of the main local triggering factors for marking direct objects in general (animacy, referentiality). It then presents the few main assumptions about Corsican DOM in the literature as well as findings of a new corpus study, based on written Corsican texts. Strong personal pronouns and proper names for human referents are consistently marked by the DOM marker à, but toponyms and metonymically used proper names are marked as well. Universal and negative quantifiers with a human denotation are also DOM-marked, whereas all other pronouns are not; thus animacy plays only a minor role in Corsican. The presence of determiners, quantifiers or numerals within nominals excludes the presence of à, irrespective of the nominals' denotation. Non-specific bare nominals are never DOM-marked, also irrespective of the nominals' denotation. The discussion then explains that the Corsican DOM is triggered much more by syntactic definiteness than animacy, a hypothesis strengthened by the most prominent morphosyntactic regularity at work in Corsican: nominals in combination with determiners and quantifiers cannot be marked by the DOM-marker à, even if they denote human beings. The complementary distribution of à and prenominal functional elements requires a further detailed syntactic analysi