Linke Friedenspolitik und kollektive Sicherheit

Das Grundgesetz (GG) erlaubt die Einordnung Deutschlands in ein «System gegenseitiger kollektiver Sicherheit» (Art. 24 GG) zur «Wahrung des Friedens». Mit dem Beitritt Deutschlands zur UNO, die dieses System kollektiver Sicherheit verkörpert, ist Deutschland die Verpflichtung eingegangen, sich den Maßgaben des UNO-Rechts zu unterwerfen. Die Verwendung deutscher Streitkräfte ist im GG unter dem Begriff der «Verteidigung» restriktiv formuliert: Das GG begrenzt die Verteidigung (abgesehen von den grundgesetzlich geregelten Maßnahmen im Inneren) zunächst auf die Verteidigung des Bundesgebietes (Art. 87a – implizit gemäß des in der UNO-Charta gesetzten Verständnisses des territorial gebundenen Verteidigungsbegriffs – und 115a - explizit). Erweiterte Einsatzmöglichkeiten jenseits des Bundesgebietes sind nur im Einklang mit der UNO-Charta zulässig. Die UNO-Charta formuliert zwei Ausnahmen vom Gewaltverbot und somit die Rechtsgrundlagen zum Einsatz von nationalen Armeen jenseits des individuellen Selbstverteidigungsrechts: Erstens räumt Artikel 51 der UNO-Charta das «naturgegebene Recht zur individuellen und kollektiven Selbstverteidigung» ein. Damit ist auch die Möglichkeit der Verteidigung jenseits der eigenen Landesgrenzen im Sinne der kollektiven Nothilfe gewährleistet. Unerheblich ist, ob es sich hierbei um ein institutionalisiertes kollektives Nothilfesystem1 (Verteidigungsbündnis) wie der NATO2 oder ob es sich um eine ad hoc kollektive Nothilfe handelt. Entscheidend ist hierbei der Verteidigungsfall, d.h. die Abwehr eines zuvor stattgefundenen oder unmittelbar stattfindenden militärischen Angriffs. Hierdurch wird der territorialgebundene Verteidigungsbegriff nicht berührt, da der Angriff sich gegen das Territorium eines anderen Staates, dem man sich gegenüber zur Nothilfe auf der Grundlage der «kollektiven Verteidigung» (Art. 51 der UNO-Charta) verpflichtet hat, richtet. Zweitens ist dem UNO-Sicherheitsrat zur Wiederherstellung des «Weltfriedens und der internationalen Sicherheit» das Gewaltmonopol überantwortet (Art. 24 und Art. 39 bis 42 UNO-Charta). Die Bundeswehr kann jenseits des Verteidigungsfalles für UN-geführte4 (Art. 43 bis 45 UNO-Charta) und UN-mandatierte Zwangsmaßnahmen (Art. 53 UNO-Charta) gemäß Artikel 24 GG eingesetzt werden

Online Learning in Episodic Markovian Decision Processes by Relative Entropy Policy Search

International audienceWe study the problem of online learning in finite episodic Markov decision processes (MDPs) where the loss function is allowed to change between episodes. The natural performance measure in this learning problem is the regret defined as the difference between the total loss of the best stationary policy and the total loss suffered by the learner. We assume that the learner is given access to a finite action space A and the state space X has a layered structure with L layers, so that state transitions are only possible between consecutive layers. We describe a variant of the recently proposed Relative Entropy Policy Search algorithm and show that its regret after T episodes is 2 sqrt(L|X ||A|T log(|X ||A|/L)) in the bandit setting and 2L sqrt(T log(|X ||A|/L)) in the full information setting, given that the learner has perfect knowledge of the transition probabilities of the underlying MDP. These guarantees largely improve previously known results under much milder assumptions and cannot be significantly improved under general assumptions

Front motion for phase transitions in systems with memory

We consider the Allen-Cahn equations with memory (a partial integro-differential convolution equation). The prototype kernels are exponentially decreasing functions of time and they reduce the integrodifferential equation to a hyperbolic one, the damped Klein-Gordon equation. By means of a formal asymptotic analysis we show that to the leading order and under suitable assumptions on the kernels, the integro-differential equation behave like a hyperbolic partial differential equation obtained by considering prototype kernels: the evolution of fronts is governed by the extended, damped Born-Infeld equation. We also apply our method to a system of partial integro-differential equations which generalize the classical phase field equations with a non-conserved order parameter and describe the process of phase transitions where memory effects are present

The Influence of Alloy Composition and Liquid Phase on Foaming of Al−Si−Mg Alloys

The foaming behaviour of aluminium alloys processed by the powder compaction technique depends crucially on the exact alloy composition. The AlSi8Mg4 alloy has been in use for a decade now, and it has been claimed that this composition lies in an “island of good foaming”. We investigated the reasons for this by systematically studying alloys around this composition by varying the Mg and Si content by a few percent. We applied in situ X-ray 2D and 3D imaging experiments combined with a quantitative nucleation number and expansion analysis, X-ray tomography of solid foams to assess the pore structure and pore size distribution, and in situ diffraction experiments to quantify the melt fraction at any moment. We found a correlation between melt fraction and expansion height and verified that the “island of good foaming” actually exists, and foams outside a preferred range for the liquid fraction—just above TS and between 40–60%—show a poorer expansion performance than the reference alloy AlSi8Mg4. A very slight increase of Si and decrease of Mg content might further improve this foam

On thermo-mechanical fatigue in single crystal Ni-base superalloys

AbstractThermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) is a critical damage process in gas turbine jet engines. Reliable life prediction methodologies are required both for design and life management. Current life estimation approaches are computationally burdensome and/or semi-empirical, significantly limiting their application. Complexity comes about from the multiplicity of damage processes which occur during the simultaneously changing temperatures and loads, characteristic of TMF. Furthermore, these processes interact in ways that are not observed for isothermal LCF. These interactions usually accelerate damage processes and result in significantly reduced TMF life, when compared to other fatigue scenarios. The results of a multiphased approach to life prediction will be presented. In phase I the Neu-Sehitoglu (N-S) cumulative damage model was used to: a) provide initial life predictions and b) identify processes and interactions which most significantly control the life under TMF loading. The N-S model is based on a linear damage summation rule which both explicitly and implicitly includes damage interactions. In phase II a sensitivity analysis incorporating statistical concepts was performed on the N-S model parameters. Specifically a nonlinear optimization was performed to determine optimal parameter values in order to maximize agreement with experimental results (well within 2X). In phase III, informed by phases I and II, a physics-based fatigue/oxidation (also recognizing creep effects) model was developed which correctly predicts effects of frequency, hold-time, temperature, and strain range and oxidation kinetics

Properties of synchronization in the systems of non-identical coupled van der Pol and van der Pol - Duffing oscillators. Broadband synchronization

The particular properties of dynamics are discussed for the dissipatively coupled van der Pol oscillators, non-identical in values of parameters controlling the Hopf bifurcation. Possibility of a special synchronization regime in an infinitively long band between oscillation death and quasiperiodic areas is shown for such system. Features of the bifurcation picture are discussed for different values of the control parameters and for the case of additional Duffing-type nonlinearity. Analysis of the abridged equations is presented.Comment: 19 pages, 9 figure

Modal Frustration and Periodicity Breaking in Artificial Spin Ice

Here, an artificial spin ice lattice is introduced that exhibits unique Ising and non-Ising behavior under specific field switching protocols because of the inclusion of coupled nanomagnets into the unit cell. In the Ising regime, a magnetic switching mechanism that generates a uni- or bimodal distribution of states dependent on the alignment of the field is demonstrated with respect to the lattice unit cell. In addition, a method for generating a plethora of randomly distributed energy states across the lattice, consisting of Ising and Landau states, is investigated through magnetic force microscopy and micromagnetic modeling. It is demonstrated that the dispersed energy distribution across the lattice is a result of the intrinsic design and can be finely tuned through control of the incident angle of a critical field. The present manuscript explores a complex frustrated environment beyond the 16-vertex Ising model for the development of novel logic-based technologies

Prevalência de pré-fragilidade para o componente velocidade da marcha em idosos

OBJECTIVE: to investigate pre-frailty and the factors associated with this condition, taking into account the measurements of the older adults' gait speed. METHOD: participants were selected by means of inclusion/exclusion criteria and a cognitive tracking test. The sample was calculated based on the estimation of populational proportion and made up of 195 older adults who were using a Primary Health-Care Center in Curitiba in the state of Paraná. Data was collected using a socio-demographic/clinical questionnaire and the gait speed test. RESULTS: pre-frailty for gait speed has moderate prevalence (27.3%), and is associated with the 60 - 69 years age range, a low level of schooling, not feeling oneself to be alone, using anti-hypertensives, having cardiovascular disease and being overweight. CONCLUSION: it is considered relevant to identify those older adults with pre-frailty, as this creates the possibility for immediate intervention with the aim of stabilizing the picture. There is a significant shortage of studies on the syndrome of frailty in Brazilian older adults, principally referring to components in isolation. Given that gerontological nursing is at an early stage regarding this issue, it is understood that the identification of the prevalence must be the key point of the research on the matter.OBJETIVO: investigar la prefragilidad y los factores asociados a esa condición, considerando medidas de velocidad de la marcha de los ancianos. MÉTODO: la selección de los participantes ocurrió por medio de criterios de inclusión/exclusión y prueba de rastreo cognitivo. La muestra fue calculada con base en la estimativa de la proporción poblacional y fue constituida por 195 ancianos usuarios de una Unidad Básica de Salud de Curitiba, PR. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante cuestionario sociodemográfico/clínico y prueba de velocidad de la marcha. RESULTADOS: la prefragilidad para la velocidad de la marcha posee moderada prevalencia (27,3%) y se asoció al intervalo de edad entre 60 y 69 años, baja escolaridad, no sentirse solitario, utilizar antihipertensivos, presentar enfermedad cardiovascular y sobrepeso. CONCLUSÍON: se considera relevante identificar a los ancianos en la condición de prefragilidad, ya que de esa manera existe la posibilidad de intervenir inmediata con la finalidad de estacionar el cuadro. Es significativo el déficit de estudios sobre el síndrome de la fragilidad en ancianos brasileños, principalmente aquellos que se refieren a un componente aislado. Considerando que la enfermería gerontológica se encuentra en los primeros pasos en lo que se refiere a la temática, se entiende que la identificación de la prevalencia debe ser el punto primordial de las investigaciones sobre el tema.OBJETIVO: investigar a pré-fragilidade e os fatores associados a essa condição, considerando as medidas de velocidade da marcha dos idosos. MÉTODO: a seleção dos participantes ocorreu por meio de critérios de inclusão/exclusão e teste de rastreamento cognitivo. A amostra foi calculada com base na estimativa da proporção populacional e constituída por 195 idosos, usuários de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde de Curitiba, PR. Os dados foram coletados mediante questionário sociodemográfico/clínico e teste de velocidade da marcha. RESULTADOS: a pré-fragilidade para velocidade da marcha possui moderada prevalência (27,3%) e associou-se à faixa etária entre 60 e 69 anos, baixa escolaridade, não se sentir solitário, utilizar anti-hipertensivo, apresentar doença cardiovascular e sobrepeso. CONCLUSÃO: considera-se relevante identificar os idosos na condição de pré-fragilidade, pois, dessa maneira, existe a possibilidade de intervenção imediata com a finalidade de estacionamento do quadro. É significativo o déficit de estudos sobre a síndrome da fragilidade em idosos brasileiros, principalmente aqueles que se referem a um componente isolado. Visto que a enfermagem gerontológica se encontra nos primeiros passos referentes à temática, entende-se que a identificação da prevalência deve ser o ponto primordial das pesquisas sobre o tema