Measurement & Analysis of Labyrinth Leakage in Francis Turbines

Master's thesis Renewable Energy ENE500 - University of Agder 2019Thismaster’sthesisis discussing the potential of measured leakage water from Francis turbines in Brokkeand Holenpower plants. There is a leakage that represent a loss, coming from the labyrinth seals in the turbines’runners (crown and band side),and this leakage will increase over time.For this report theleakage from the upper labyrinth side (crown) has been measured.The leakage is different between the four Francis turbines at Brokke and between the three Francis turbines at Holen power station.Portaflow 220Bhas been used, whichis a flow instrument using ultrasonic sound. The measuring instrument was tested and verified before doing the measurements in the power plants.The test has been done on a swimming pool purification system, that has the samesized pipeas Brokkeand Holen.This test was done in the Energy research project.The logging program, together with the Fuji Electrics Portaflow hasbeen testedin this master’s and also on the purification system at Spicheren. Comparing the measured results with the results from the purification system own measuring instrument, gives us an idea of how good the results from Portaflow220Bare. Different setups-and measuring pointshave also been tested, and the results showedthat“reflex mode” makes the most reliable results together with measuring point nr.2.After the amount of leakage water was measured, the potential of this water was investigated. This potential is bigger than the compared values from other turbines that are presented in the literature. To see the total leakage loss for the turbines (both upper and lower leakage combined), the lower band side leakage had to be analyzed. This with the help of leakage relationships found in the literature. The results ofthe measurement at Brokkeand Holenshow that turbine 4at Brokkehas the biggest amount of leakage,also whenthe results arecompared with different power.The turbines at both Brokke and Holen show a pattern that follows the active power, due to the change in production water. The leakage is linear with the power change. Turbine 4 at Brokke can be seen as the worst graded turbine. This can be explained by multiple operational hours, and the eldest revision accomplished in 1998. Turbines1 and 2 at both Brokke and Holen are stable in terms of leakage water compared with others found in the literature. Holen 3 did have a notable leakage, but in terms of the conditionsfor the high head turbine this potential is rated as a “healthier” turbine, than turbine 4.Further investigation onsolutionsthat could reduce the amount of leakage, specially from turbine 4 at Brokke would be interesting to look at in the further work on this topic. It will be a costly repairto change the turbine runner, and it is impossible tochange operational pattern to pay attention to the leakage

Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Human Thyroid Gland and its Disorders

The characteristic scanning electron microscopic features of the normal thyroid gland, benign thyroid lesions such as nodular (adenomatous) and colloid goitre, adenomas and thyroiditis, and malignant tumors such as papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma and medullary carcinoma are described. One or more cilia are present in the center of the follicular surface of almost every epithelial cell in the normal thyroid gland as well as in most goitres. Their number is reduced in adenomas and differentiated carcinomas. Medullary carcinomas and anaplastic carcinomas usually lack cilia. Variation in distribution and appearance of microvilli seems to be related to functional differences in the normal thyroid and goitres. In neoplastic conditions the abundance of microvilli steadily decreases from ordinary papillary carcinomas to follicular variants of papillary carcinoma and to follicular carcinoma. Most of the cells in medullary carcinoma and anaplastic carcinoma have few or no microvilli. Benign and neoplastic Hürthle cells have a very characteristic appearance. Distinct, smooth-surfaced cells are interspersed among cells rich in microvilli. The literature is reviewed. Our own experience from examinations of 264 thyroid specimens is included

Vivienda unifamiliar en Seattle

The house extends over several levels, following the uneven topography of the ground. This has facilitated the provision of several parking areas, covered patios, an access to the beach and storing space for boats, and for other sporting utensils. The living zone is on a higher level than the entrance, and the bedrooms are at the highest part of the building. This building seeks to integrate the two types of landscape which come together at its location: the beach and the mountains. Its lines are simple, yet distinguished, and it has the air of a place of comfortable refuge from the intensity of modern life.Las distintas dependencias que componen esta vivienda unifamiliar están agrupadas en diferentes niveles, forma en que lia sido aprovechada la topografía del terreno, permitiendo crear una serie de áreas para aparcamiento, patios cubiertos, acceso a la playa para las embarcaciones, espacios para las actividades acuáticas y cobertizo para los botes. Las áreas de «vivir» han sido construidas en un nivel superior al de la zona de entrada, ocupando los dormitorios la parte más elevada de la edificación. Destaca esta vivienda unifamiliar por su doble integración en los dos tipos de paisaje circundantes —montaña y playa—, por la elegante sencillez de sus líneas arquitectónicas y su logrado carácter de casa refugio

Immunotherapy of Cancer — Some Up-To-Date Approaches

Treatment of cancer is currently based on three main modalities: surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Most solid tumours can only be cured at an early stage, due to the lack of effective systemic treatment. Surgery and radiotherapy are highly effective for eradicating localized tumours, but unfortunately cannot target disseminated disease. Chemotherapy represents systemic treatment, but the clinical use of current drugs is to a large extent hampered by their limited specificity

EMMPRIN is associated with S100A4 and predicts patient outcome in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND: Proteolytic enzymes and their regulators have important biological roles in colorectal cancer by stimulating invasion and metastasis, which makes these factors attractive as potential prognostic biomarkers. METHODS: The expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) was characterised using immunohistochemistry in primary tumours from a cohort of 277 prospectively recruited colorectal cancer patients, and associations with expression of S100A4, clinicopathological parameters and patient outcome were investigated. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-eight samples (72%) displayed positive membrane staining of the tumour cells, whereas 10 cases (4%) were borderline positive. EMMPRIN expression was associated with shorter metastasis-free, disease-specific and overall survival in both univariate and multivariate analyses. The prognostic impact was largely confined to TNM stage III, and EMMPRIN-negative stage III patients had an excellent prognosis. Furthermore, EMMPRIN was significantly associated with expression of S100A4, and the combined expression of these biomarkers conferred an even poorer prognosis. However, there was no evidence of direct regulation between the two proteins in the colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116 and SW620 in siRNA knockdown experiments. CONCLUSION: EMMPRIN is a promising prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancer, and our findings suggest that it could be used in the selection of stage III patients for adjuvant therapy

Experimental α-particle radioimmunotherapy of breast cancer using 227Th-labeled p-benzyl-DOTA-trastuzumab

Background The aim of the present study was to explore the biodistribution, normal tissue toxicity, and therapeutic efficacy of the internalizing low-dose rate alpha-particle-emitting radioimmunoconjugate 227Th-trastuzumab in mice with HER2-expressing breast cancer xenografts. Methods Biodistribution of 227Th-trastuzumab and 227Th-rituximab in nude mice bearing SKBR-3 xenografts were determined at different time points after injection. Tumor growth was measured after administration of 227Th-trastuzumab, 227Th-rituximab, cold trastuzumab, and saline. The toxicity of 227Th-trastuzumab was evaluated by measurements of body weight, blood cell, and clinical chemistry parameters, as well as histological examination of tissue specimens. Results The tumor uptake reached peak levels of 34% ID/g (4.6 kBq/g) 3 days after injection of 400 kBq/kg of 227Th-trastuzumab. The absorbed radiation dose to tumor was 2.9 Gy, while it was 2.4 Gy to femur due to uptake of the daughter nuclide 223Ra in bone; the latter already explored in clinical phases I and II trials without serious toxicity. A significant dose-dependent antitumor effect was observed for dosages of 200, 400, and 600 kBq/kg of 227Th-trastuzumab but no effect of 400 and 600 kBq/kg 227Th-rituximab (non-tumor binding). No serious delayed bone marrow or normal organ toxicity was observed, but there was a statistical significant reduction in blood cell parameters for the highest-dose group of 227Th-trastuzumab treatment. Conclusion Internalizing 227Th-trastuzumab therapy was well tolerated and resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of breast cancer xenograft growth. These results warrant further preclinical studies aiming at a clinical trial in breast cancer patients with metastases to bone