THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE GEOMORPHOLOGY TO THE STUDY OF THE LANDSCAPE IN ITALIAN RENAISSANCE PAINTERS: AN EXAMPLE OF PAINTINGS BY PIERO DELLA FRANCESCA

Tramite l’analisi geomorfologica, cartografica e storica sono stati studiati i paesaggi che fanno da sfondo al dittico dei duchi di Urbino di Piero della Francesca. Il primo paesaggio dietro il profilo del Duca Federico rappresenta un’ampia valle attraversata da un fiume che in primo piano si allarga notevolmente fino ad assumere le caratteristiche di un lago. Il secondo paesaggio che fa da sfondo all’immagine di Battista Sforza rappresenta un’ampia vallata fluviale circondata da rilievi con ben definiti profili. Il terzo paesaggio, relativo ai Trionfi , rappresenta una larga valle con al centro un bacino lacustre. Nel presente lavoro sono mostrate le analisi scientifiche, i percorsi metodologici e le prospettive future che questo tipo di indagine geomorfologica può produrre nell’ambito del ricchissimo patrimonio culturale del nostro paese.The landscapes of the diptych of the Dukes of Urbino by Piero della Francesca were studied based on geomorphological, cartographic and historical analysis, The first landscape behind the profile of the Federico Duke is a wide valley crossed by a river that considerably widens taking the form of a lake. The second landscape is the background to the profile of Battista Sforza, wife of Federico. It shows a broad river valley surrounded by hills with well-defined profiles. The third landscape, related to the Trionfi, is still a broad valley with a lacustrine basin. In the present work we show the scientific analyses, the methodological paths and future prospects that this type of geomorphologic investigation could produce with regard to the Italian rich cultural heritage

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery