39 research outputs found

    DĂ©veloppement d approches rĂ©gionales et multivariĂ©es pour la dĂ©tection de non stationnaritĂ©s d extrĂȘmes climatiques. Applications aux prĂ©cipitations du pourtour mĂ©diterranĂ©en français

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    ParallĂšlement au contexte du rĂ©chauffement climatique, la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© face aux Ă©vĂ©nements hydrologiques extrĂȘmes est en constante augmentation, notamment en France. Si l'effet du changement climatique sur les tempĂ©ratures maximales est avĂ©rĂ©, son impact sur le rĂ©gime des pluies fortes n'est pas Ă©tabli, et l'on s'interroge, depuis quelques annĂ©es, sur la perception d'une recrudescence des Ă©vĂ©nements extrĂȘmes : urbanisation mal maĂźtrisĂ©e, surmĂ©diatisation ou changement climatique ? Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cette thĂšse est double. PremiĂšrement, mettre au point des outils statistiques permettant l'Ă©tude rĂ©gionale de la stationnaritĂ© des extrĂȘmes climatiques. En effet, le changement climatique est un phĂ©nomĂšne Ă  grande Ă©chelle qui devrait avoir un impact Ă  l'Ă©chelle rĂ©gionale. DeuxiĂšmement, Ă©tudier la stationnaritĂ© des prĂ©cipitations mĂ©diterranĂ©ennes intenses. Deux approches sont ici proposĂ©es. La premiĂšre permet de mettre en Ă©vidence des changements locaux significatifs Ă  l'Ă©chelle rĂ©gionale. La deuxiĂšme consiste Ă  rechercher une tendance rĂ©gionale qui soit commune Ă  l'ensemble des stations d'une mĂȘme zone. Cette deuxiĂšme mĂ©thode est basĂ©e sur l'utilisation de copules multivariĂ©es qui permettent de prendre en compte formellement la dĂ©pendance spatiale des donnĂ©es. L'estimation par maximum de vraisemblance est alors rĂ©alisĂ©e via les algorithmes gĂ©nĂ©tiques. Ainsi, 92 sĂ©ries de prĂ©cipitations du pourtour mĂ©diterranĂ©en français sont examinĂ©es. Une tendance Ă  la hausse des maxima annuels est observĂ©e sur une bande mĂ©ridienne allant de l'AriĂšge Ă  la CorrĂšze, mais Ă©galement dans le Massif Central, les CĂ©vennes et les montagnes du RoussillonAt the same time as the global warming context, the vulnerability in front of extreme hydrological events is in constant increase, notably in France. If the effect of the climate change on the maximal temperatures is turned out, its impact on the regime of strong rains is not established, and we wonder, for some years, about the perception of an increasing number of extreme events: badly mastered urbanization, excessive media coverage or climate change? In this context, the objective of this thesis is double. In the first place, to define statistical tools allowing the regional study of the stationnarity of climatic extremes. Indeed, the climate change is a large-scale phenomenon which should have an impact at the regional scale. Secondly, to study the stationnarity of the intense Mediterranean precipitations. Two approaches are proposed here. The first one allows to detect significant local changes at the regional scale. The second consists in looking for a regional tendency which is common to all the stations of a same zone. This second method is based on the use of multivariate copula which allow to take formally into account the spatial dependence of the data. The estimation by maximum likelihood method is then realized via the genetic algorithms. So, 92 precipitation series of the French Mediterranean region are examined. An increase of annual maxima is observed on a meridian band going from the AriĂšge to the CorrĂšze, and also in the Massif Central, Cevennes and the mountains of RoussillonMONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Extreme Rainfall Analysis at Ungauged Sites in the South of France : Comparison of Three Approaches

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    Conceptual rainfall-runoff model with a two-parameter, infinite characteristic time transfer function

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    International audienceA two-parameter transfer function with an infinite characteristic time is proposed for conceptual rainfall-runoff models. The large time behaviour of the unit response is an inverse power function of time. The infinite characteristic time allows long term memory effects to be accounted for. Such effects are observed in mountainous and karst catchments. The governing equation of the model is a fractional differential equation in the limit of long times. Although linear, the proposed transfer function yields discharge signals that can usually be obtained only using non-linear models. The model is applied successfully to two catchments, the Dud Koshi mountainous catchment in the Himalayas and the Durzon karst catchment in France. It compares favourably to the linear, non-linear single reservoir models and to the GR4J model. With a single reservoir and a single transfer function, the model is capable of reproducing hysteretic behaviours identied as typical of long term memory effects. Computational efficiency is enhanced by approximating the infinite characteristic time transfer function with a sum of simpler, exponential transfer functions. This amounts to partitioning the reservoir into several linear subreservoirs, the output discharges of which are easy to compute. An efficient partitioning strategy is presented to facilitate the practical implementation of the model

    L’évĂ©nement pluvieux des 8-9 septembre 2002 dans le Gard : estimation des prĂ©cipitations par radars et pluviomĂštres

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    Cette communication fait partie d’une sĂ©rie de contributions, prĂ©sentĂ©es lors du Colloque de la SociĂ©tĂ© Hydrotechnique de France « Crues MĂ©diterranĂ©ennes » de juin 2004, rendant compte des Ă©tudes menĂ©es par la communautĂ© scientifique rassemblĂ©e autour de l’Observatoire HydromĂ©tĂ©orologique MĂ©diterranĂ©en CĂ©vennes-Vivarais (OHM-CV) sur l’évĂ©nement catastrophique des 8-9 septembre 2002 dans le Gard. On s’intĂ©resse particuliĂšrement dans ce qui suit Ă  l’estimation des prĂ©cipitations. On prĂ©sente tout d’abord le systĂšme d’observation et les donnĂ©es utilisĂ©es, puis l’on dĂ©crit les mĂ©thodes d’estimation dĂ©veloppĂ©es dans le contexte des retours d’expĂ©rience hydrologique. On analyse dans une derniĂšre partie l’ampleur et la structure spatio-temporelle de l’évĂ©nement
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