Optimization of admixture and three-layer particleboard made from oil palm empty fruit bunch and rubberwood clones

Empty fruit bunch (EFB) is a biomass that is widely available and has the potential to be used as industrial raw material especially in wood-based industries. This study focuses on producing a particleboard by incorporating EFB with two different rubberwood clones: Prang Besar (PB) 260 and RRIM 2002, respectively. PB 260 is a commercially planted clone and wood from matured (>25 year-old) trees are used by wood-based panel manufacturers. RRIM 2002 is a new clone planted at the Malaysian Rubber Board (MRB) research trial plots and consists of only 4-year-old trees. Two types of particleboards (admixture and three-layer) with different ratios were produced. The Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS-5908 2003 particleboard) was used to evaluate mechanical and dimensional stability properties of the particleboards. From the study, it was found that admixture particleboards showed superior properties compared to three-layer particleboards. Layering EFB and rubberwood significantly decreased board performance for all properties (except internal bonding). The optimum ratios of EFB and both rubberwood clones are found to be 1:1 (50% EFB: 50% rubberwood). Meanwhile, increasing the rubberwood clones ratio to 70% lowered board performance especially for EFB (30%):RRIM 2002 clone (70%) boards which showed the lowest values for all properties for both admixture and three-layer board

The quality comparison of particleboards produced from heartwood and sapwood of European Larch

In this paper, the impacts of heartwood and sapwood usage on the physical, mechanical, and surface properties and formaldehyde emission of particleboard are investigated. European Larch (Larix decidua) trees are chosen as a raw material. The logs are divided into three segments: sapwood, heartwood and total wood. The highest amounts of cellulose (51.54%), and hemicelluloses (22.24%) in the sapwood, followed by total wood, and the heartwood, respectively. However, the highest amount of lignin (30.54%) was found in the heartwood. The highest extractives values are obtained from heartwood, followed by total wood, and the sapwood, respectively. While the lowest pH value (3.03) is found in heartwood, the sapwood samples provide the highest values (4.95). The highest ash (0.49%) content and amount of condensed tannin (13.89%) are extracted from heartwood, followed by total wood, and sapwood, respectively. The test panels manufactured from sapwood have the smoothest surface (7.49 μm (Ra), 48.86 μm (Ry), and 35.12 μm (Rz)) and the lowest contact angles (67.8°), while the roughest surface (14.20 μm (Ra), 68.05 μm (Ry), and 50.02 μm (Rz)) and highest contact angle (96.9°) are obtained from the panels of heartwood. The thickness swelling (19.88%) and formaldehyde emission (7.28%) values of the panels manufactured from heartwood are significantly lower than the panels manufactured from the total wood and sapwood. The highest modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and internal bond (IB) values are observed on sapwood, respectively, 15.60 MPa (MOR), 2201 MPa (MOE), and 0.523 MPa (IB). These mechanical strength values (MOR, MOE, and IB) are followed by total wood, and the heartwood, respectively. Surface smoothness and wettability of the particleboards manufactured from sapwood are better than those of total wood and heartwood. © 2019 Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos

Comparison Of Laser Scanning And Photogrammetry And Their Use For Digital Recording Of Cultural Monument Case Study: Byzantine Land Walls-Istanbul

3D modeling of cultural monuments is very crucial issue for preparing restoration projects. However, it has challenges such as data acquisition, preparation and processing. 3D modeling of objects can be time consuming and may include some difficulties due to the complexity of the structures. 3D terrestrial laser (TLS) scanning technique is one of the reliable and advantageous methods for 3D reconstruction of monuments. This technique is commonly acknowledged due to its accuracy, speed and flexibility. But the suitability and capability of this technique depends on proper usage, and good survey planning. Magnificent developments in highresolution digital sensor technologies leaded to manufacturing of new camera systems. Parallel to these innovations, development of computer systems and image processing techniques made enable to obtain multiple image-based 3D object models. In the presented study, TLS method has been compared to conventional photogrammetric and image-based dense matching methods. Automatic dense point creation has been realized by our developed algorithm and PIXEL-PHOTO software which generates 3D point clouds from stereo images. The reliability and encountered problems during point cloud measurement process have been discussed. The study area has been chosen as historical Byzantine Land Walls of Istanbul, which constitute a remarkable area defining the ancient city’s historical peninsula