Goodenough-Harris Drawing a Man Test (GHDAMT) as a Substitute of Ages

Abstract Objective: Evaluation of concurrent validity of GHDAMT with the problem solving subscale of ASQ2 among 5 years old children was the objective of present research.Materials &Methods: In a cross sectional study 136 boy and 105 girl were selected randomly from childcares and tested with GHDAMT and ASQ2 to compare the concurrent validity of these tests in evaluation of cognition.Data was analyzed using SPSS.16/win.Results: The IQ mean difference in girls was 128±18.18 and in boys 118±18.50, which was statistically significant. There was no statistical significant correlation between GHDAMT and ASQ2. It was significant between IQ and mental age among children who had -2SD score in problem solving subscale, but  there was no correlation between children who had -1SD score.These findings revealed that the GHDAMT does not have acceptable validity and concurrent validity of the test was less than 0.3.Conclusions: In the current research, there is no statistical significant correlation between problem solving subscale of ASQ2 and mental age and IQ. So GHDAMT    can̕ t be used as a substitute of ASQ questionnaire; however, correlation of two tests in children with intellectual disability was meaningful. After further studies, it is possible to use GHDAMT as a proper tool for cognition evaluation of these children.Keywords: concurrent validity, The Goodenough-Harris drawing a man test, ASQ

Structural Equations Model in Negative Affection, Self- Forgiveness, and Procrastination

The current research was conducted to determine the mediating role of negative Affection toward self- forgiveness, and procrastination in male students of the University of Tabriz. Therefore, 361 male students between 18-22 were selected by a random cluster sampling method from three groups of Technical and engineering, basic science and human science faculties. The General Procrastination, Decisional Procrastination, Positive and Negative Affect, and Heartland Forgiveness inventories were used to gather the data. The theoretical model was tested within a structural equation- modelling framework to identify both direct and indirect effects. The results indicate an overall fit model. Although the direct effects of self-forgiveness on decisional and general procrastination behaviours were not significant, thus, an indirect impact of self-forgiveness on the decisional and general procrastination behaviours were fully mediated by negative affection. Also, the effect of self-forgiveness on negative affect and academic procrastination, the training was essential for students

The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Training Program on the Level of Academic Stress and Academic Burnout in Students with Specific Learning Disability

Objectives: Specific learning disability (SLD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders that leads to many psychological consequences for students with such disorders. The present study aimed to determine the effect of acceptance and commitment training programs on the level of academic stress and burnout in students with SLD. Methods: This study was a quantitative research conducted with a pre-test/post-test quasi-experimental design and a control group. The research population consisted of female students with SLD in Tabriz, Iran, selected through random cluster sampling method. The data were collected using Gadzella’s Student-Life Stress Inventory (SLSI) and School Burnout Inventory (SBI). Results: Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. Given the results of the data analysis, the application of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) was seen to reduce the amount of academic stress and academic burnout in students with SLD. Since acceptance and commitment training can reduce academic stress and burnout in this group of students, it could be considered an effective intervention to reduce students’ psychological distress. Conclusions: The present findings will pave the way for further research in the field of interventions associated with the psychological problems of students with SLD

Resilience, attachment to God, and hope in mothers of children with a specific learning disability

Objectives: The aim of the current research was to study the relationship between resilience, personal attachment to God, and the level of hope in mothers of children with a specific learning disability (SLD). Methods: The study sample consisted of 131 mothers of children with a diagnosed SLD in the city of Tabriz, Iran, in 2018. The Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Attachment to God Inventory developed by Rowatt and Kirkpatrick, and Snyder\u27s Adult Hope Scale were administered to the participants. Results: The results showed a significant positive correlation between hope and both resilience and a secure attachment style to God, as well as a significant negative correlation between hope and avoidant and anxious attachment to God. Conclusion: Concurrent regression analysis revealed that among the variables related to resilience and secure, anxious, and avoidant attachment, only resilience predicted hope. Resilience training for this group of parents as well as additional research designed to yield evidence-based practices related to the attachment to God variable in the area of special educational needs appears to potentially be of substantial value

Relación entre empatía y altruismo en madres de niños con trastorno del espectro autista y discapacidad intelectual

The objective of the current research study was to investigate the relationship between empathy and self- compassion and altruism in mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and intellectual and developmental disabilities. Method: by convenience sampling, 161 participants were selected. The short form self-compassion, empathy and altruism inventories were implemented. Results: The Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis revealed that there was a direct relationship between empath, self-compassion and altruism. Conclusion: Empathy is a complex capability which enables individuals to understand the emotional states of others, and results in compassionate behaviour. Empathy requires cognitive, emotional, behavioural, and moral capacities to understand and respond to others' suffering. Compassion is a proper response to the perception of others’ suffering. In addition, compassion cannot exist without empathy; they are part of the same perception and response continuum which moves human beings from observation to action. It seems that maternal care, together with the hope that a child with intellectual and developmental disabilities lives independently, provides the necessary grounds for empathy, self-compassion and altruism.El objetivo del presente estudio de investigación fue investigar la relación entre empatía, autocompasión y altruismo en madres de niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista y discapacidad intelectual. Método: se seleccionaron 161 participantes por muestreo de conveniencia. Se implementaron los inventarios de autocompasión, empatía y altruismo de formato abreviado. Resultados: El coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y el análisis de regresión múltiple revelaron que existe una relación directa entre empatía, autocompasión y altruismo. Conclusión: la empatía es una capacidad compleja que permite a las personas comprender los estados emocionales de los demás y da como resultado un comportamiento compasivo. La empatía requiere capacidades cognitivas, emocionales, conductuales y morales para comprender y responder al sufrimiento de los demás. La compasión es una respuesta adecuada a la percepción del sufrimiento de los demás. Además, la compasión no puede existir sin empatía; son parte del mismo continuo de respuesta y percepción el cual permite a los seres humanos pasar de la observación a la acción. Parece que el cuidado materno, junto con la esperanza de que un niño con discapacidad intelectual viva de forma independiente, proporciona las bases necesarias para la empatía, la autocompasión y el altruismo

Scrutinizing the effectiveness of Neurofeedback for treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that its treatment has been challenged for parents and developmental disabilities professionals. In recent years, neurofeedback is one of the interventions utilized to treat ADHD. The effectiveness of this kind of treatment has been controverted. The aim of current study was to identify the nature, characteristics and research evidence about the efficacy of neurofeedback in ADHD. In the same vein, from web of data-based information (Pupmed, Springer, ProQuest, Scopus, and Elsevier) and by using keywords including ADHD, Neurofeedback, QEEG-Informed Neurofeedback, efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in ADHD, ADHD and meta-analysis, effect size in neurofeedback treatment in ADHD, EEG and email communication with professional psychologist or psychiatrist, as well, data were gathered and systemically reviewed. Despite reporting more Iranian researches indicating effectiveness of neurofeedback in ADHD treatment, some research evidences including methodological issues, and some characteristics such as the life-span problem, comorbidity, and recent evidence-based practice, impeach the significance of neurofeedback efficacy and the related data. This method is struggling because the neurofeedback is introduced as only an interventionist method, not a miraculous approach, and bring ethical challenges for the researchers. This study stresses on more methodologically accurate investigations on neurofeedback and ADHD

LifeExperiences and the Factors Used by the Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disabilities to Forgive Others

This study examined the life experiences and the factors that mothers of children with intellectual disabilities used to forgive others.For this purpose, a qualitative method was used. 20 mothers of children with intellectual disabilities, who referred to the Department of Education to complete their children's assessment data, were selected randomly. To gather data,semi-structure interview was used. These mothers were interviewed up to the saturation point. Data analys is through open code and deter mining the major and min or pro positions showed that mothers of children with intellectual disabilities used spiritual resources, internal resources, and social interests and resources to forgive others. These findings indicate that the rich content in the Iranian-Islamic culture help the mothers of children with intellectual disabilities to forgive others

The Application of Assistive Technology in Specific Learning Disabilities Area: Interdisciplinary Study

Specific learning disabilities is neurodevelopmental disorder that maintained influences the academic learning. Various interventional approaches have been used to help of this groups. In recent years assertive technology is one of the most important approaches in this area. The aim of the current research was to study the application of assistive technology in specific learning disabilities area. In the same vein a systematic review study method with use of assistive technology key words includes: Assistive technology, Instructional Technology, Learning Technology about specific learning disabilities includes Learning Disability, Specific Learning Disabilities, Reading disorders or Dyslexia, Dysgraphia or written expression and Dyslexia, and Dyscalculia from web the Data ( Pupmed, Springer, ProQuest, Scopus, Elsevier, Science direct, Google Scholar, Magiran),between1995-2017 was conducted in accordance with research objectives to executed current study. Results revealed that among 52 selected research papers about applying assistive technology in specific learning disabilities areas written expression has the highest frequency (26). Application of assistive technology in mathematic (17) and reading (12) disorders have been carry out. In the same vein, experimental studies (with 79%) are the most frequent among different types of studies. instructional software (with 29 frequency) the most used for individuals with specific learning disabilities. Word processing software (with 6 frequency), Speech recognition technology (with 6 frequency), Word prediction software (with 5 frequency), Speech-to-Text Software, Text-to-Speech Software, Spelling checkers and Organizational and design tools (which of them with 3 frequency), Internet based technology and Dictionary are respectively in the next priority

Structural Modeling Styles for Attachment to God; Resilience and Mental Health in Mothers of Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

The aim of current research was to study the structural modeling styles for attachment to God; resilience and mental health in mothers of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. It’s a correlational design. The statistical population includes all of the mothers of elementary school children with intellectual and developmental disabilities who live in the city of Tabriz in the years 2014 and 2015. To fulfill the stated goal sampling 200 students were selected and the Connor- Davidson’s resilience inventory (2003) and Rowatt and Kirkpatrick’s attachment to God inventory (2002) and mental health inventory of Dragotis and et al (1976) were used to gather the data. Structural equation modeling revealed that among attachments to God, the secure attachment results in an increase in mental health; and the attachment with anxiety factors results in a reduction of mental health; and also the avoidance attachment results a reduction both in mental health and resilience. In addition, resilience was a reason to increase mental health; but resilience in the relation between attachment to God and mental health did not have any mediating role. In regard with the importance of the spiritually developmental constructions in raising positive effects on mental health and its application both on research areas and psychological interventions is suggested for mothers of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities and other groups

attachment to god and resilience among mothers of intellectual disability and normal childeren

This study examined the attachment to God and resiliency among mothers of normal and intellectual disability children. Ex post facto (correlational) design was used. In the same vein, to gathering data in school of regular and special education needs, clustering sampling was used. After excluding incomplete questionnaires, 92 mothers of children with intellectual disabilities and 94 mothers of children with normal were selected to analysis of data. The Hotelling's index revealed significant difference in all of aspects include (avoidance attachment, secure attachment, anxious attachment to God and resiliency) between two groups. In multiple regression model, The Stepwise method, have predicted the relationship between secure attachment to God with resiliency among mothers of normal children and avoidance attachment to God with decreased resiliency among mothers of intellectual disabilities as well. The results show that the type of attachment to God can be predicts the resiliency in the face of the challenges of life