Opening the Black Box of Tax Reforms in Latin America

This article verifies how the types of tax reform are related to income and how they are distributed over time and by jurisdiction The analysis focused on the tax reforms that took place in Latin America between 1990 and 2004 The data came from a survey carried out by the Inter-American Development Bank IDB in 2006 A greater reform impetus was observed in the early 1990s accompanying the re-democratization of the countries of the region The most reformed taxes were value added tax and income tax The countries that reformed the most were Argentina Colombia Costa Rica and Guatemala while Bolivia Chile Dominican Republic Panama and Paraguay had a more conservative profile The study contributes to the formulation of tax policy and to academic research based on legislative changes and typology of tax reform

Economic Effects of a Tax Policy to Reduce Greenhouse-Gas Emissions in Brazil

Brazil has proposed to reduce emissions by 37% below 2005 levels in 2025, and for indicative purposes, to further reduce it by 43% in 2030, following the agreement of COP-21 in Paris. This study seeks to investigate the macroeconomic effects if Brazil adopts a GHG emissions tax to meet the carbon reduction commitment and to simulate the thesis of "double dividend". A neoclassical growth model with the introduction of environment and fiscal policy was used. A tax rate on CO2 emissions of US$ 100.00/tCO2e would be enough to meet Brazil´s target of emission reduction. The double dividend hypothesis was observed in Brazil’s case and the best results occur when capital income tax is reduced