Investigating natural variability within headwater catchments in North Yorkshire, with regards to Margaritifera margaritifera conservation

Catchment management for water quality is an evolving process that requires social cohesion between a variety of stakeholders, effective management of land, coupled with a change in social behaviour, in order to effect a reduction in the flux of nutrients entering a river. Through creating a dynamic strategy which acknowledges the limitations of reducing nutrient concentrations entering a river, catchment managers are required to improve water quality according to the Water Framework Directive Legislation (2000/60/EC). Current catchment management processes have successfully reduced nutrient concentrations from point sources and are beginning to address nutrient concentrations associated with diffuse sources. In rural catchments, such as the one studied, diffuse pollution is influenced by land management practices, agricultural practices, and septic tank contributions. Highlighting the importance of adopting an integrated catchment management plan to address the headwaters within a catchment, this thesis has recognised the variations within water quality which can be overlooked by monthly spot sampling at a downstream location of a river catchment. Conservation efforts for the umbrella species M. margaritifera requires spatial and temporal investigations across a catchment to ensure successful relocation and recruitment. Hydrological connectivity plays an integral role within a catchment; new transportation routes can elevate nutrient concentrations, thus degrading water quality. Through investigating the different hydrological connections within a catchment, appropriate management practices can be identified. Spatial variations across the low-order tributaries of a catchment can have a significant influence on river water quality downstream. The catchment management practices, which go hand in hand with creating a healthy, self-regulating ecosystem, with minimal environmental degradation, must be aligned to these spatial variations in connectivity and pollution transport. This thesis investigates the spatial and temporal variability of water quality within three rural subcatchments of the River Esk in the North York Moors, in particular the influence of land use, differences in management practices and the importance of viewing the hydrological connectivity at different scales of a catchment. Fortnightly sampling using a YSI probe and anion and cation analysis was undertaken. The results of the research led to suggestions for addressing water quality variations across the headwater tributaries with the aim of improving the recruitment of the umbrella species M. margaritifera in the River Esk catchment

Staying "One Step Ahead of a Racist":Expanding Understandings of the Experiences of the Covid-19 Pandemic Among People From Minoritized Ethnic Groups Living in Britain

Covid-19 has had a disproportionate impact on those in minoritized ethnic groups. Considerable attention has been given to evidence of ethnic inequalities in rates of infection, hospitalisation, and death. But other ways in which the pandemic experience has been affected by ethnicity have received less consideration. This paper explores the lived experiences of people in different minoritized ethnic groups living in South West England, during the United Kingdom’s first pandemic lockdown, using qualitative data collected from interviews and comments provided on a survey. Perceived positive opportunities for growth were offset by anxiety and stress, which were themselves compounded by an awareness of the additional risks they experienced as members of racialised groups, and a sense that this was being ignored—or intentionally exacerbated—by the British authorities. Frustration with an incompetent and corrupt national Government was intensified by concerns regarding their racist motives. Racism in wider society undermined confidence in key public institutions, such as the NHS and the police, while also producing barriers to informal local-community pandemic responses. Only through recognition of the particular ways in which the pandemic affected those in minoritized ethnic groups, including the multiple and compounding effects of current and historical racism, will it be possible to identify avenues for transformative systemic policy change and opportunities to rebuild trust and a better post-pandemic society for all

‘What do bisexuals look like? I don’t know!’:Visibility, gender, and safety among plurisexuals

Plurisexuals are often interpreted as half gay/half straight due to the prevailing belief that multigendered attractions are temporary, or illusory. This interpretation is also strongly connected to the gender binary, gender norms, and cisnormativity. Based on these social forces, this article explores how plurisexuals represent themselves in a culture that does not see their identities as viable, often through the use of gender norms. Informed by queer theory, this research is based on semi-structured interviews (n = 30) and photo diaries (n = 9). Findings demonstrate that plurisexuals wish to present visually, but are not certain of how to do so. Plurisexuals see gender and sexuality as connected, and reference transforming outfits through feminization or masculinization. Finally, plurisexuals reference the homophobic, monosexist, transphobic social world by describing how they communicate gender and sexual identities only in certain spaces, or for certain audiences

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A mixed-methods study to evaluate a patient-designed tool to reduce harm from cancer-associated thrombosis: The EMPOWER study

Introduction Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common and serious complication of systemic anticancer therapies. Delays in presentation increase risk of death or long-term morbidity. Background A patient charity developed an information video for patients receiving systemic anticancer therapy including what to do if they developed symptoms of VTE. This was introduced into clinical practice in a regional cancer center and its impact compared with a district general hospital where the video was not used. Methods A mixed-methods approach was used, comprising clinical audit data, patient surveys, and key informant interviews. The time between development of VTE symptoms and seeking medical evaluation was routinely recorded on patients attending a regional cancer-associated thrombosis service with systemic anticancer therapy–provoked VTE. The video was then embedded into clinical practice at the regional cancer center for 3 months. The primary outcome was the difference in time to presentation with VTE symptoms, between patients attending the regional cancer center and the district general hospital (which acted as control). Other outcomes included impact on radiology resources, patient knowledge, and perspectives of chemotherapy nurses. Results Addition of the video was associated with a lower mean time to presentation from 8.9 to 2.9 days (0.33 hazard ratio; 95% confidence interval, 4.5-7.4; P < .0001). This may reflect greater awareness of VTE, resulting in earlier clinical presentation when they developed attributable symptoms. Conclusion The video was associated with reduced delays in diagnosis of systemic anticancer therapy–associated VTE by 6 days, thereby reducing long-term complications

Predictors of quality of care in mental health supported accommodation services in England: a multiple regression modelling study.

BACKGROUND: Specialist mental health supported accommodation services are a key component to a graduated level of care from hospital to independently living in the community for people with complex, longer term mental health problems. However, they come at a high cost and there has been a lack of research on the quality of these services. The QuEST (Quality and Effectiveness of Supported tenancies) study, a five-year programme of research funded by the National Institute for Health Research, aimed to address this. It included the development of the first standardised quality assessment tool for supported accommodation services, the QuIRC-SA (Quality Indicator for Rehabilitative Care - Supported Accommodation). Using data collected from the QuIRC-SA, we aimed to identify potential service characteristics that were associated with quality of care. METHODS: Data collected from QuIRC-SAs with 150 individual services in England (28 residential care, 87 supported housing and 35 floating outreach) from four different sources were analysed using multiple regression modelling to investigate associations between service characteristics (local authority area index score, total beds/spaces, staffing intensity, percentage of male service users and service user ability) and areas of quality of care (Living Environment, Therapeutic Environment, Treatments and Interventions, Self-Management and Autonomy, Social Interface, Human Rights and Recovery Based Practice). RESULTS: The local authority area in which the service is located, the service size (number of beds/places) and the usual expected length of stay were each negatively associated with up to six of the seven QuIRC-SA domains. Staffing intensity was positively associated with two domains (Therapeutic Environment and Treatments and Interventions) and negatively associated with one (Human Rights). The percentage of male service users was positively associated with one domain (Treatments and Interventions) and service user ability was not associated with any of the domains. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified service characteristics associated with quality of care in specialist mental health supported accommodation services that can be used in the design and specification of services

Citizen scientists filling knowledge gaps of phosphate pollution dynamics in rural areas

In situ monitoring is fundamental to manage eutrophication in rivers and streams. However, in recent decades, the frequency and spatial coverage of regulatory monitoring have often been reduced due to funding and infrastructure limitations. This reduction has made it impossible to provide adequate coverage for most water bodies. In this study, trained citizen scientists filled spatial and temporal gaps in agency monitoring across a major catchment in rural England. By integrating data from citizen scientists, regulatory agencies, and the local water company, it was possible to demonstrate the opportunities for hypothesis-based citizen scientist monitoring to identify continuous and event-driven sources of phosphate pollution. Local citizen scientists effectively covered important spatial gaps, investigating river conditions both upstream and downstream of suspected pollution point sources, improving the identification of their temporal dynamics. When combined with long-term monitoring data from regulatory agencies, it became possible to identify areas within the catchment that exhibited increased phosphate concentrations during periods of low river discharge (summer). Inter-annual trends and anomaly detection suggested that continuous pollution sources dominated over event-driven sources in many sub-basins, allowing for the prioritisation of mitigation actions. This study highlights the opportunity for citizen scientists to fill gaps in regulatory monitoring efforts and contribute to the improved management of eutrophication in rural catchments

The complications of ‘hiring a hubby’: gender relations and the commoditisation of home maintenance in New Zealand

This paper examines the commoditization of traditionally male domestic tasks through interviews with handymen who own franchises in the company ‘Hire a Hubby’ in New Zealand and homeowners who have paid for home repair tasks to be done. Discussions of the commoditization of traditionally female tasks in the home have revealed the emotional conflicts of paying others to care as well as the exploitative and degrading conditions that often arise when work takes place behind closed doors. By examining the working conditions and relationships involved when traditionally male tasks are paid for, this paper raises important questions about the valuing of reproductive labour and the production of gendered identities. The paper argues that while working conditions and rates of pay for ‘hubbies’ are better than those for people undertaking commoditized forms of traditionally female domestic labour, the negotiation of this work is still complex and implicated in gendered relations and identities. Working on the home was described by interviewees as an expression of care for family and a performance of the ‘right’ way to be a ‘Kiwi bloke’ and a father. Paying others to do this labour can imply a failure in a duty of care and in the performance of masculinity