37,041 research outputs found
How effective is harassment on infalling late-type dwarfs?
A new harassment model is presented that models the complex, and dynamical
tidal field of a Virgo like galaxy cluster. The model is applied to small,
late-type dwarf disc galaxies (of substantially lower mass than in previous
harassment simulations) as they infall into the cluster from the outskirts.
These dwarf galaxies are only mildly affected by high speed tidal encounters
with little or no observable consequences; typical stellar losses are ,
producing very low surface brightness streams ( mag arcsec),
and a factor of two drop in dynamical mass-to-light ratio. Final stellar discs
remain disc-like, and dominated by rotation although often with tidally induced
spiral structure. By means of Monte-Carlo simulations, the statistically likely
influences of harassment on infalling dwarf galaxies are determined. The
effects of harassment are found to be highly dependent on the orbit of the
galaxy within the cluster, such that newly accreted dwarf galaxies typically
suffer only mild harassment. Strong tidal encounters, that can morphologically
transform discs into spheroidals, are rare occurring in of dwarf
galaxy infalls for typical orbits of sub-structure within CDM cluster
mass halos. For orbits with small apocentric distances (250 kpc), harassment
is significantly stronger resulting in complete disruption or heavy mass loss
( dark matter and stellar), however, such orbits are expected
to be highly improbable for newly infalling galaxies due to the deep potential
well of the cluster.Comment: 15 pages, 11 figures, 4 table
Method for deducing anisotropic spin-exchange rates
Using measured spin-transfer rates from alkali atoms to He-3, combined with
spin-relaxation rates of the alkali atoms due to He-3 and He-4, it should be
possible to differentiate between isotropic and anisotropic spin-exchange. This
would give a fundamental limit on the He-3 polarization attainable in
spin-exchange optical pumping. For K-He, we find the limit to be 0.90+-0.11
Can chaos be observed in quantum gravity?
Full general relativity is almost certainly 'chaotic'. We argue that this
entails a notion of nonintegrability: a generic general relativistic model, at
least when coupled to cosmologically interesting matter, likely possesses
neither differentiable Dirac observables nor a reduced phase space. It follows
that the standard notion of observable has to be extended to include
non-differentiable or even discontinuous generalized observables. These cannot
carry Poisson-algebraic structures and do not admit a standard quantization;
one thus faces a quantum representation problem of gravitational observables.
This has deep consequences for a quantum theory of gravity, which we
investigate in a simple model for a system with Hamiltonian constraint that
fails to be completely integrable. We show that basing the quantization on
standard topology precludes a semiclassical limit and can even prohibit any
solutions to the quantum constraints. Our proposed solution to this problem is
to refine topology such that a complete set of Dirac observables becomes
continuous. In the toy model, it turns out that a refinement to a polymer-type
topology, as e.g. used in loop gravity, is sufficient. Basing quantization of
the toy model on this finer topology, we find a complete set of quantum Dirac
observables and a suitable semiclassical limit. This strategy is applicable to
realistic candidate theories of quantum gravity and thereby suggests a solution
to a long-standing problem which implies ramifications for the very concept of
quantization. Our work reveals a qualitatively novel facet of chaos in physics
and opens up a new avenue of research on chaos in gravity which hints at deep
insights into the structure of quantum gravity.Comment: 6 pages + references -- matches published version (clarifications
added for why GR with cosmologically interesting matter likely fails our
notion of weak-integrability
Radiation counting technique allows density measurement of metals in high-pressure/ high-temperature environment
Radioactive tracers induced by neutron irradiation provide a gamma ray flux proportional to the density of a metal, allowing density measurement of these metals in extreme high-temperature and high-pressure environments. This concept is applicable to most metals, as well as other substances
Transverse Meissner Physics of Planar Superconductors with Columnar Pins
The statistical mechanics of thermally excited vortex lines with columnar
defects can be mapped onto the physics of interacting quantum particles with
quenched random disorder in one less dimension. The destruction of the Bose
glass phase in Type II superconductors, when the external magnetic field is
tilted sufficiently far from the column direction, is described by a poorly
understood non-Hermitian quantum phase transition. We present here exact
results for this transition in (1+1)-dimensions, obtained by mapping the
problem in the hard core limit onto one-dimensional fermions described by a
non-Hermitian tight binding model. Both site randomness and the relatively
unexplored case of bond randomness are considered. Analysis near the mobility
edge and near the band center in the latter case is facilitated by a real space
renormalization group procedure used previously for Hermitian quantum problems
with quenched randomness in one dimension.Comment: 23 pages, 22 figure
Triplectic Gauge Fixing for N=1 Super Yang-Mills Theory
The Sp(2)-gauge fixing of N = 1 super-Yang-Mills theory is considered here.
We thereby apply the triplectic scheme, where two classes of gauge-fixing
bosons are introduced. The first one depends only on the gauge field, whereas
the second boson depends on this gauge field and also on a pair of Majorana
fermions. In this sense, we build up the BRST extended (BRST plus antiBRST)
algebras for the model, for which the nilpotency relations,
s^2_1=s^2_2=s_1s_2+s_2s_1=0, hold.Comment: 10 pages, no figures, latex forma
Self-Consistent Screening Approximation for Flexible Membranes: Application to Graphene
Crystalline membranes at finite temperatures have an anomalous behavior of
the bending rigidity that makes them more rigid in the long wavelength limit.
This issue is particularly relevant for applications of graphene in nano- and
micro-electromechanical systems. We calculate numerically the height-height
correlation function of crystalline two-dimensional membranes,
determining the renormalized bending rigidity, in the range of wavevectors
from \AA till 10 \AA in the self-consistent screening
approximation (SCSA). For parameters appropriate to graphene, the calculated
correlation function agrees reasonably with the results of atomistic Monte
Carlo simulations for this material within the range of from
\AA till 1 \AA. In the limit our data for the
exponent of the renormalized bending rigidity is compatible with the previously known analytical results for the
SCSA . However, this limit appears to be reached only for
\AA whereas at intermediate the behavior of
cannot be described by a single exponent.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
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