Fractional generalizations of filtering problems and their associated fractional Zakai equations

In this paper we discuss fractional generalizations of the filtering problem. The ”fractional” nature comes from time-changed state or observation processes, basic ingredients of the filtering problem. The mathematical feature of the fractional filtering problem emerges as the Riemann-Liouville or Caputo-Djrbashian fractional derivative in the associated Zakai equation. We discuss fractional generalizations of the nonlinear filtering problem whose state and observation processes are driven by time-changed Brownian motion or/and Lévy process

Local government officials\u27 perspectives on regional councils of governments

The decades of the 1960s and 1970s were a time of rapid change in the operations of county and municipal governments. Citizen expectations regarding the scope and quality of local government services escalated rapidly. State and federal legislation and regulations resulted in higher standards for health care, housing, education, law enforcement, public assistance, personnel practices, and environmental conditions. Specialized services were mandated as a way of meeting the needs of the aged, of youth, of minorities, and of the disadvantaged.https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/specialreports/1084/thumbnail.jp

POLICY DEVELOPMENTS IN UNITED STATES AGRICULTURE SINCE 1986

Agricultural and Food Policy,

Old Fashioned Sal

Sheet music contains sexist and/or misogynistic language, concepts, and/or imagry promoting rape culture. With Ukulele arrangement. Contains advertisements and/or short musical examples of pieces being sold by publisher.https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/7017/thumbnail.jp