Russophobia in official Russian political discourse

The charge of Russophobia has been made increasingly frequently against Western critics of Russia in the last few years. Much of this criticism has been made by Russian media and commentators rather than by high officials of the Russian state. There have been several studies of this media use of accusations of Russophobia and it has generally been asserted that the charge of Russophobia is part of a concerted propaganda effort by the Russian state. There has, however, been little examination of the use of Russophobia by top Russian politicians. This article examines the use of Russophobia by President Vladimir Putin as well as by top officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and in communiques of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It finds that there has been only minor changes in the allegations of Russophobia by senior Russian politicians. The article looks at why Russophobia became a more prevalent accusation in Russian politics generally and at why there has been a difference in the accusations of Russophobia made by the media and in official political discourse. Negli ultimi anni l’accusa di russofobia è stata assunta sempre più frequentemente contro i critici occidentali della Russia. Gran parte di questa critica è stata formulata dai media e dai commentatori russi piuttosto che dagli alti funzionari dello Stato russo. Ci sono stati diversi studi sull’uso da parte dei media delle accuse di russofobia ed è stato generalmente affermato che l’accusa di russofobia fa parte di uno sforzo di propaganda concertato da parte dello Stato russo. C’è stato, tuttavia, un piccolo esame dell’uso della russofobia da parte dei migliori politici russi. Questo articolo esamina l’uso della russofobia da parte del presidente Vladimir Putin, nonché da alti funzionari del Ministero degli Affari esteri e nei comunicati di questo dicastero. Si ritiene che ci siano stati solo piccoli cambiamenti nelle accuse di russofobia da parte di alti politici russi. L’articolo esamina il motivo per cui la russofobia è diventata un’accusa più diffusa nella politica russa in generale e perché c’è stata una differenza nelle accuse della russofobia avanzate dai media e nel discorso politico ufficiale

miRNAs most affected by testosterone.

<p>List of the 12 most affected miRNAs 1 day after ingestion of two TU tablets or application of two Testopatches, identified by miRNA expression profiling.</p

Examples of individual follow-up of miR-122 with personalized threshold.

<p><b>(A and B)</b> Two examples of longitudinal monitoring of plasma miR-122 with personalized threshold (indicated by continuous black line) for two volunteers with different <i>UGT2B17</i> genotypes (ins/del and ins/ins) after oral and transdermal intake of T. Thresholds are calculated as the mean of the control phase results + 3 × SD. In these examples, longitudinal monitoring of plasma miR-122 levels after oral T administration is more sensitive than of transdermal T administration. Data were normalized against the corresponding levels of endogenous miR-486-5p.</p

Circulating miR-122 levels after oral or transdermal T administration and during the control period.

<p>Level of plasma miR-122 after ingestion of two TU tablets (gray line) and application of two Testopatches (dashed line) or in the control period (black line). Data were normalized against the corresponding levels of endogenous miR-486-5p Collection time points are indicated on the x-axis. Values are expressed as means (±SE) of 19 independent samples. (*) indicates statistically significant difference relative to time = 0 h and the control.</p

Circulating miRNA levels after oral and transdermal administration of T and during the control period.

<p>Levels of miR-342 (A) and miR-150 (B) in plasma samples collected from healthy volunteers after administration of oral (gray line) or transdermal (dashed line) T or in the control phase (black line). Collection time points are indicated on the x-axis. Data were normalized against the corresponding levels of endogenous miR-486-5p. Values are expressed as means (±SE) of 19 independent samples. (*) indicates statistically significant difference relative to time = 0 h.</p

Serum free T concentrations after oral or transdermal T administration and during the control period.

<p>Mean (±SE) serum free T after oral (gray line) or transdermal (dashed line) T administration or in the control phase (black line). Values represent the average of 19 independent samples at each time point. (*) indicates statistically significant difference relative to time = 0 h.</p

Treatment emergent adverse events: all causalities.

<p>Treatment emergent adverse events: all causalities.</p

Plot of the average reduction from baseline (estimate, square) of the following plasma markers: creatine phosphokinase (CPK), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALK), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and albumen (ALB).

<p>Upper and lower 95% confidence intervals for the following time points after dosing shown: Day 7, Day 12, and follow-up (3 days after completion of dosing).</p

Individual and mean pharmacokinetics for SMT C1100 following multiple (Day 11) oral doses.

<p>Individual and mean pharmacokinetics for SMT C1100 following multiple (Day 11) oral doses.</p

Individual patient waterfall plots of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) showing changes from baseline after 10 days of dosing with SMT C1100.

<p>Individual patient waterfall plots of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) showing changes from baseline after 10 days of dosing with SMT C1100.</p