A CONCEPTUAL AND CLINICAL STUDY OF APARA (PLACENTA)

Comparative study of Sharir (anatomical and physiological) terms from Samhita text with modern scientific terms has became needful today. Apara described in Samhita text is important structure for Garbha (fetus). Samhita description says it is formed by obstructed Artava (menstrual blood). It lies in relation to the maternal heart and provides nutrition to the developing Garbha through Garbhanabhinadi (umbilical cord). It sheds off after Prasuti (labour). This indicates Apara to be the Placenta from modern anatomical term. Its formation described from obstructed Artava may be because of resemblance of its maternal surface with blood clots and absence of Artava in Garbhavastha (pregnancy). Samhita description lacks its actual location and anatomical features. It is also called as Jarayu indicating different meanings in Kasyapa Samhita, Sushruta Samhita and Caraka Samhita. These facts indicate the need for its literary research. For anatomical study 30 pregnant females were selected randomly and their gestational ultrasonography was taken in third trimester to see the location of Apara (placenta) and abnormality. It is found that Apara is normally adhered to upper uterine segment. Apara received after labor from these selected 30 pregnant females were observed for anatomical features. The parameters noted for weight, diameter, thickness at center, number of cotyledons, attachment of umbilical cord at center or periphery, and abnormality of Apara. Observations given in charts and graphs. Lacuna in Samhita text regarding anatomical features of Apara needs the study of term Placenta

SELECTION OF Plutella xylostella (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDAE) TO CHLORFENAPYR RESISTANCE: HERITABILITY AND THE NUMBER OF GENES INVOLVED

The Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is a worldwide pest of Brassicaceae. Resistance has evolved against various insecticides including chlorfenapyr one of the most recently registered molecules to control this pest. The failure of chlorfenapyr to control this pest could be related to resistance in P. xylostella in the state of Pernambuco (Brazil), but there is currently no information on its heritability. Here, we estimated the heritability of resistance of P. xylostella to chlorfenapyr and the number of genes involved in the resistance in a field-derived population (PxClf-SEL). A field population was selected in the laboratory with increasing doses of chlorfenapyr (for five generations), and the LC50s were estimated for every generation using the leaf dip bioassay. The selection increased resistance to chlorfenapyr in the PxClf-SEL as the LC50 shifted from 27.6 (F1) to 256.5 (F5) mg chlorfenapyr/L. As a result, the resistance ratio (RR) increased from 33-fold (F1) to 310-fold (F5). The heritability of resistance of P. xylostella to chlorfenapyr was 0.90 (h2), and the number of generations needed for a 10-fold increase in the resistance to chlorfenapyr was 5.20 (G). Other methods have shown different numbers of genes (0.64 and 1.88) involved in resistance of P. xylostella to chlorfenapyr. There was sufficient variation regarding resistance in the field population to account for a high realized heritability influenced mainly by additive genetic factors. Therefore, there is a high risk of chlorfenapyr resistance in the field

Comparative Perception Among Minority Communities on the Knowledge of UN Convention of the Rights of Child, Institutional Responsibilities and Child Participation in Decision Making Processes

The survey document is mandated to address two issues in Republic of Kosova as following: I. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of children and communities in relation to children rights and child protection in 5 Kosovo regions: Peja Gjakova, Ferizaj, Prizren and Fushe Kosovo II. Evaluation of the communities knowledge on existing services in case of violations of the children rights in 5 Kosovo regions: Peja Gjakova, Ferizaj, Prizren and Fushe Kosovo </jats:p

A Comprehensive Review of Utilization of Construction and Demolition Waste as Fine Aggregate in Concrete

In the dynamic landscape of the Asian region, particularly in India, a lot of waste is produced through construction and demolition operations, such as masonry dust and concrete debris. Growing interest in recycling and reusing these materials has arisen in response to environmental concerns around trash disposal. One possible way to repurpose this material is to utilize Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) as a fine aggregate in concrete. Most researchers studying natural fine aggregate and its properties also study query dust as a fine aggregate but very little research work for fine aggregate produced from CDW. This review paper intends to offer a thorough analysis of the literature in this area, emphasizing the components and mechanical characteristics of concrete containing CDW. The review begins by discussing the sources and composition of C&D waste, highlighting the diverse range of materials that can be repurposed, including crushed concrete, brick, ceramic, and asphalt. Various techniques for processing and preparing C&D waste for incorporation into concrete are explored, emphasizing the importance of proper sorting, cleaning, and size reduction to ensure compatibility and quality. Furthermore, this research evaluates the mechanical, durability, and sustainability aspects of concrete containing C&D waste as fine aggregate. Studies indicate that while including C&D waste may slightly reduce compressive strength, it often enhances flexural strength and mitigates the adverse effects of shrinkage and cracking. Additionally, concrete with C&D waste exhibits comparable or even superior durability performance, attributed to the pozzolanic and filler impact of the recycled materials

A Review On Propanol As An Alternative Fuel In SI Engine

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The idea of adding low contents of ethanol or methanol or propylene to gasoline is not new, extending back at least to the 1970s, when oil supplies were reduced and a search for alternative energy carriers began in order to replace gasoline and diesel fuel. Originally, methanol was considered the most suitable alcohol to be supplementary to gasoline. Since methanol can be produced from natural gas at no great cost, and is quite easy to blend with gasoline, this alcohol was seen as an attractive additive. On the other hand, the used methanol in practice it is very is destructive to some materials like plastic components and metals in the fuel system. This very important and have great value of experience when ethanol came to be more commonly used as an alternative to the commercial fuels, since even ethanol can be characterized as an aggressive fluid. This research aims to study the different literature based on ethanol and propanol blends with gasoline. LITERATURE REVIEW Aman Hira et.al. [1] carried out the performance &amp; emission characteristics on the CI engine using blends of ethanol and biodiesel with diesel. The experimental study is carried out with used of ethanol as blend in CI egine.The results of study concludes that the used of ethanol blend in CI engine consumes minimum amount of fuel. Yanju Wei et.al. [4]carried out the work for finding out effects of Methanol/Gasoline Blends on a SI Engine performance and emissions. The experimental results of study show that the engine power,torque ratio under the wide open throttle condition mainly depends on the amount of heat delivered to the engine. The addition of methanol considerably improves the brake thermal efficiency, while the methanol/gasoline ratio has a slight effect on it. Engine out CO and NOx emissions decrease with the boost of the methanol/gasoline ratio