Impacts of Genetically Modified Food on Insulin Hormone, Glucose, and Lipid Profile of Male and Female Wister Albino Rats

In recent years, genetically modified (GM) crops aim to produce food \ and feed which has become part of the usual agriculture in many areas of the world. Whether GM food and feed have positive or negative impacts on humans or animals is still unclear. Therefore, an investigation of the effects of different diets containing genetically modified food (GMF) on insulin hormone, glucose, and lipid profile were carried out in the present study. Male and female Wister Albino rats70-80 g range body weight was used in the present study. Each sex was divided into 4 groups (n = 10 per group). Control group fed on the basal diet American Institute of Nutrition for Growth (AIN93 G) and three treated groups were given GM (corn, wheat, and rice) and water adlibitum for three months. The reason for choosing these foods is because they are the most basic foods consumed in our daily life (bread and rice). At the end of the experimental period results compared to the control group GM (corn, wheat, and rice) for both sexes showed a significant decrease in serum insulin and the significant increase in serum glucose. Also, significant increase in total cholesterol (TC) , triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), Risk ratio I and Risk ratio II. Yet, serum high density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-C) levels showed significant decrease in all groups. Body weight showed a significant increase in all groups of males and female rats

Honey Bee Products : Preclinical and Clinical Studies of Their Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties

Inflammation is a defense process triggered when the body faces assaults from pathogens, toxic substances, microbial infections, or when tissue is damaged. Immune and inflammatory disorders are common pathogenic pathways that lead to the progress of various chronic diseases, such as cancer and diabetes. The overproduction of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, is an essential parameter in the clinical diagnosis of auto-inflammatory diseases. In this review, the effects of bee products have on inflammatory and autoimmune diseases are discussed with respect to the current literature. The databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Sci-Finder and clinical trials were screened using different combinations of the following terms: "immunomodulatory", "anti-inflammatory", "bee products", "honey", "propolis", "royal jelly", "bee venom", "bee pollen", "bee bread", "preclinical trials", "clinical trials", and "safety". Honey bee products, including propolis, royal jelly, honey, bee venom, and bee pollen, or their bioactive chemical constituents like polyphenols, demonstrate interesting therapeutic potential in the regulation of inflammatory mediator production as per the increase of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, Il-2, and Il-7, and the decrease of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Additionally, improvement in the immune response via activation of B and T lymphocyte cells, both in in vitro, in vivo and in clinical studies was reported. Thus, the biological properties of bee products as anti-inflammatory, immune protective, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and antimicrobial agents have prompted further clinical investigation