LANGUAGE INDEPENDENT ROBUST SKEW DETECTION AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUE FOR DOCUMENT IMAGES

Document image processing is an increasingly important technology essential in all optical character recognition (OCR) systems and for automation of various office documents. A document originally has zero-skew (tilt), but when a page is scanned or photo copied, skew may be introduced due to various factors and is practically unavoidable. Presence even a small amount of skew (0.50) will have detrimental effects on document analysis as it has a direct effect on the reliability and efficiency of segmentation, recognition and feature extraction stages. Therefore removal of skew is of paramount importance in the field of document analysis and OCR and is the first step to be accomplished. This paper presents a novel technique for skew detection and correction which is both language and content independent. The proposed technique is based on the maximum density of the foreground pixels and their orientation in the document image. Unlike other conventional algorithms which work only for machine printed textual documents scripted in English, this technique works well for all kinds of document images (machine printed, hand written, complex, noisy and simple). The technique presented here is tested with 150 different document image samples and is found to provide results with an accuracy of 0.1

Women’s Participation in Agricultural Employment with Special Reference to Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand in India

Role of women employment is a vital indicator of development showing the proportion of the working population in Indian economy. In spite of high economic growth and significant upsurge in gender equality there is gender gap in economic participation in India. This research paper shows an analysis of women’s participation in agricultural employment with special reference to Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand in India. Although the female population is higher in U.P. but female work participation is higher in Uttarakhand. The growth of female work participation almost remains constant. The level and nature of female labour force during the study period is not so good

Gender construction and performativity in religious folklore:insights from Hindu vrat kathas

Abstract. Gender has proved to be an important category of analysis in religious studies. Religions have been criticized by feminists over the decades for the oppression of women. Hinduism, the world’s third largest religion, with a strong story tradition, has a wide cast of characters, both men and women, who display normative views on what it is to be a woman or a man in Hindu society. The Hindu story tradition dates back to Upanishads written during 500 BCE. Today’s vrat kathas are Hindu stories that are a part of the rich folklore tradition. During the last four decades, written pamphlets consisting of vrat kathas have become popular and reading them out loud in a group or alone is central to the widely practised vrat ritual. Hence, these texts are a major touchpoint for many practising Hindus. While a lot of gender-analysis textual research has been conducted on the classic Hindu epics, the textual research on vrat kathas is scarce. Using qualitative thematic content analysis, and lens of karma and dharma along with Butler’s theory of performativity, this study explores gender construction and gender performativity in vrat kathas. Data for the thesis is a set of weekly vrat kathas, which consist of ten different stories. This study concludes that binary categories of women and men are constructed in contrast to each other, where on one hand women are depicted as compassionate and obedient while their desires are limited to the family members and household. Men, on the other hand, are depicted as individualistic characters having ultimate authority while being detached from their families. The results indicate that vrat kathas mirror the Hindu dharmic value system. However, it is essential to note that even some independent and empowered women stand out in the studied texts

Reactive processing of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in aqueous aerosol mimics: Surface tension depression and secondary organic products

The reactive uptake of carbonyl-containing volatile organic compounds (cVOCs) by aqueous atmospheric aerosols is a likely source of particulate organic material. The aqueous-phase secondary organic products of some cVOCs are surface-active. Therefore, cVOC uptake can lead to organic film formation at the gas-aerosol interface and changes in aerosol surface tension. We examined the chemical reactions of two abundant cVOCs, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, in water and aqueous ammonium sulfate (AS) solutions mimicking tropospheric aerosols. Secondary organic products were identified using Aerosol Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (Aerosol-CIMS), and changes in surface tension were monitored using pendant drop tensiometry. Hemiacetal oligomers and aldol condensation products were identified using Aerosol-CIMS. Acetaldehyde depresses surface tension to 65(\pm2) dyn/cm in pure water (a 10% surface tension reduction from that of pure water) and 62(\pm1) dyn/cm in AS solutions (a 20.6% reduction from that of a 3.1 M AS solution). Surface tension depression by formaldehyde in pure water is negligible; in AS solutions, a 9% reduction in surface tension is observed. Mixtures of these species were also studied in combination with methylglyoxal in order to evaluate the influence of cross-reactions on surface tension depression and product formation in these systems. We find that surface tension depression in the solutions containing mixed cVOCs exceeds that predicted by an additive model based on the single-species isotherms.Comment: Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22 November 201

Assess the Effects of Planned Teaching Programme on Knowledge regarding Glasgow Coma Scale among Staff Nurses Working in Selected Hospital at Bhopal

The present study was conducted to assess the effect of Planned teaching Programme on knowledge regarding Glass coma Scale among staff nurses working in selected hospital at Bhopal. An experimental design was chosen with pre-test and post-test of experimental and control group. The sample size was 60 Staff Nurses divided into two groups as 30 in experimental and 30 in control group. The tools used for conducting the study included demographic data, self structured questionnaire to assess knowledge of experimental and control group. The experimental group was given Planned teaching Programme as an intervention and the control group was used for comparison only without interventions. The data were analyzed with statistics and unpaired t-test was done. The study clearly shows that there was a significant gain in knowledge of Staff Nurses in experimental group with PTP which emphasizes that Teaching Staff Nurses on Glass Coma Scale improves Nursing Care of Unconscious patients. Therefore the Staff Nurses can be benefited with PTP to improve knowledge and practice on Unconscious patients

An observational study of effect of Mullerian anomalies on pregnancy

Background: Mullerian anomalies occur in approximately 3-4% of fertile and infertile women, 5–10% of women with recurrent early pregnancy loss, and up to 25% of women with late first or second-trimester pregnancy loss or preterm delivery. However, due to low prevalence rate and asymptomatic course of the anomalies, Mullerian anomalies remain underdiagnosed and often overlooked as a possible cause of recurrent pregnancy failures, preterm deliveries, IUGR and low birth weight.Methods: Total of 30 cases of Mullerian anomalies with pregnancy, prior diagnosed or incidental during LSCS, were studied for complications during pregnancy, history of gynecological complaints and rate of diagnosis with routine imaging technique.Results: Septate uterus was the most common anomaly seen in this study (36.6%).56.6% were diagnosed incidentally during LSCS despite the fact 26.6% of cases had history of 2 or more abortions and 30% had some or other gynecological complaints previously. 10% of pregnancies ended in abortions, 20% had preterm delivery, 36.6% had malpresentations and there was case of rupture uterus (03.3%).Conclusions: Mullerian anomalies are often asymptomatic or have subtle gynecological symptoms which are often missed by both patient and gynecologists. It is observed that due to the asymptomatic course of Mullerian anomalies, invasive nature of HSG and lack of 1.5 Tesla MRI at many institutes leads to low rate of diagnosis of Mullerian anomalies. Pregnancy with Mullerian anomalies often have preterm delivery, IUGR and malpresentation, so, require proper counselling and close monitoring during antenatal period

Neural ring homomorphism preserves mandatory sets required for open convexity

It has been studied by Curto et al. (SIAM J. on App. Alg. and Geom., 1(1) : 222 \unicode{x2013} 238, 2017) that a neural code that has an open convex realization does not have any local obstruction relative to the neural code. Further, a neural code $\mathcal{C}$ has no local obstructions if and only if it contains the set of mandatory codewords, $\mathcal{C}_{\min}(\Delta),$ which depends only on the simplicial complex $\Delta=\Delta(\mathcal{C})$. Thus if $\mathcal{C} \not \supseteq \mathcal{C}_{\min}(\Delta)$, then $\mathcal{C}$ cannot be open convex. However, the problem of constructing $\mathcal{C}_{\min}(\Delta)$ for any given code $\mathcal{C}$ is undecidable. There is yet another way to capture the local obstructions via the homological mandatory set, $\mathcal{M}_H(\Delta).$ The significance of $\mathcal{M}_H(\Delta)$ for a given code $\mathcal{C}$ is that $\mathcal{M}_H(\Delta) \subseteq \mathcal{C}_{\min}(\Delta)$ and so $\mathcal{C}$ will have local obstructions if $\mathcal{C}\not\supseteq\mathcal{M}_H(\Delta).$ In this paper we study the affect on the sets $\mathcal{C}_{\min}(\Delta)$ and $\mathcal{M}_H(\Delta)$ under the action of various surjective elementary code maps. Further, we study the relationship between Stanley-Reisner rings of the simplicial complexes associated with neural codes of the elementary code maps. Moreover, using this relationship, we give an alternative proof to show that $\mathcal{M}_H(\Delta)$ is preserved under the elementary code maps

Properties of graphs of neural codes

A neural code on $n$ neurons is a collection of subsets of the set $[n]=\{1,2,\dots,n\}$. In this paper, we study some properties of graphs of neural codes. In particular, we study codeword containment graph (CCG) given by Chan et al. (SIAM J. on Dis. Math., 37(1):114-145,2017) and general relationship graph (GRG) given by Gross et al. (Adv. in App. Math., 95:65-95, 2018). We provide a sufficient condition for CCG to be connected. We also show that the connectedness and completeness of CCG are preserved under surjective morphisms between neural codes defined by A. Jeffs (SIAM J. on App. Alg. and Geo., 4(1):99-122,2020). Further, we show that if CCG of any neural code $\mathcal{C}$ is complete with $|\mathcal{C}|=m$, then $\mathcal{C} \cong \{\emptyset,1,12,\dots,123\cdots m\}$ as neural codes. We also prove that a code whose CCG is complete is open convex. Later, we show that if a code $\mathcal{C}$ with $|\mathcal{C}|>3$ has its CCG to be connected 2-regular then $|\mathcal{C}|$ is even. The GRG was defined only for degree two neural codes using the canonical forms of its neural ideal. We first define GRG for any neural code. Then, we show the behaviour of GRGs under the various elementary code maps. At last, we compare these two graphs for certain classes of codes and see their properties

Neural category

A neural code on $n$ neurons is a collection of subsets of the set $[n]=\{1,2,\dots,n\}$. Curto et al. \cite{curto2013neural} associated a ring $\mathcal{R}_{\mathcal{C}}$ (neural ring) to a neural code $\mathcal{C}$. A special class of ring homomorphisms between two neural rings, called neural ring homomorphism, was introduced by Curto and Youngs \cite{curto2020neural}. The main work in this paper comprises constructing two categories. First is the $\mathfrak{C}$ category, a subcategory of SETS consisting of neural codes and code maps. Second is the neural category $\mathfrak{N}$, a subcategory of \textit{Rngs} consisting of neural rings and neural ring homomorphisms. Then, the rest of the paper characterizes the properties of these two categories like initial and final objects, products, coproducts, limits, etc. Also, we show that these two categories are in dual equivalence