Studierea sensibilităţii la antibiotice a speciilor de Salmonella, izolate din materiale biologice și produse alimentare

Ukrainian Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of UkraineIntroduction. Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health problem that the world is facing today. Material and methods. Isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. were performed according to DSTU EN 12824: 2004; DSTU ISO 18593: 2006 standards; Nutrient media were manufactured in accordance with DSTU EN ISO 11133: 2014 standard. The antibiotic susceptibility of cultures was determined by the disk diffusion method. The research findings were both studied and interpreted in accordance with EUCAST recommendations. Results. Out of 10 samples (material was obtained from animals, humans and foods), 10 cultures of Salmonella spp. were isolated and analyzed. The cultures were mainly susceptible to semisynthetic and inhibitor-protected penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and more often to tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides. Most Salmonella spp. strains were intermediate susceptibility to aminoglycosides, 30% of Salmonella spp. strains were susceptible to pefloxacin (II) and only 10% were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (II). Conclusions. The obtained data indicate the screening feasibility of antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella spp. including a wide range of tested drugs, which may be important in determining the antibiotic therapy.Introducere. Actualmente, rezistența antimicrobiană este o problemă globală de sănătate publică. Material şi metode. Izolarea și identificarea Salmonella spp a fost efectuată conform standardelor DSTU EN 12824:2004; DSTU ISO 18593:2006; mediile nutritive fiind preparate în conformitate cu standardul DSTU EN ISO 11133:2014. Sensibilitatea tulpinilor la antibiotice a fost determinată prin metoda disc-difuzimetrică, iar studiul și interpretarea rezultatelor au fost realizate în conformitate cu recomandările EUCAST. Rezultate. Din 10 probe (material prelevat de la animale, oameni și din alimente) au fost izolate și studiate 10 tulpini de Salmonella spp. Preponderent, tulpinile sunt sensibile la penicilinele de semisintetice şi cele protejate de inhibitori, cefalosporine, carbapeneme; mai frecvent prezentând rezistență la tetracicline, macrolide și lincosamide. Pentru aminoglicozide însă majoritatea tulpinilor Salmonella spp. au prezentat sensibilitate intermediară, astfel, din 30% tulpini Salmonella spp. sensibile la pefloxacină (II), doar 10% au fost sensibile la ciprofloxacină (II). Concluzii. Datele obținute indică fezabilitatea screening-ului sensibilității Salmonella spp. la antibioticele din cea mai largă listă posibilă de preparate testate, impunându-se drept acțiune oportună în determinarea antibioticoterapiei

Understanding Smallholder Pigkeepers’ Awareness and Perceptions of African Swine Fever and Its Control Measures in Ukraine

African swine fever (ASF) has posed a significant threat to Ukrainian pig farming since its identification in 2012. In this study, recognising the pivotal role of pigkeepers in disease control, we conducted ten focus groups involving 52 smallholders across eight regions in Ukraine. Using participatory methods, we revealed their awareness of ASF signs, transmission routes, preventive measures, and the perceptions of stakeholders involved in ASF control. Furthermore, we identified the smallholders’ acceptance of eradication and restriction measures, the perceived impact of zoning consequences, and their main sources of ASF information. Smallholders identified fever and skin haemorrhage as the most indicative signs of ASF and highlighted rodents as a primary transmission concern. Disinfection was seen as the most effective measure for preventing the introduction of ASF. Pigkeepers who perceived their stakeholder role in ASF control showed more trust in themselves and veterinarians than in central veterinary authorities. Farm-level ASF eradication measures were generally accepted; however, culling within the protection zone was least accepted, with economic losses listed as the most impactful consequence for pigkeepers. For ASF information, pigkeepers favour web searches and veterinarians, as well as traditional media and word-of-mouth news. This study provides valuable insights into refining the ASF communication strategies in Ukraine

Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella strains isolated from food products of animal origin in Ukraine between 2018-2021

Salmonellosis is a zoonotic infection of humans and animals. In recent years, an increase in the number of resistant strains of Salmonella from animals and animal products have been recorded. We conducted microbiological testing and antibiotic resistance profile of 34 Salmonella strains isolated from foods of animal origin between 2018 to 2021 in Ukraine. Twenty isolates were successfully assigned to six different serovars [S. Enteritidis (n=13, S. Infantis (n=2), S. Schwarzengrund (n=1), S. Livingstone (n=2), S. Vuadens (n=1) and S. Hadar (n=1)], and 14 isolates remained untyped. Most of the isolated strains were recovered from poultry products. The strains were tested for six antibacterial groups: quinolones, aminoglycosides, β-lactams, cephalosporins, phenols, and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors by disc diffusion method. The highest level of resistance was recorded to 4th generation cephalosporins, e.g., cefepime (88.2%). The lowest level of resistance was to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone (5.9%). No resistance was found to imipenem and aminoglycoside antibiotics, particularly gentamicin and amikacin. The study results are of concern because antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their genes can cause human infections by penetration and transmission at any stage of the food production cycle. Further research is required to monitor the contamination of food products of animal origin with salmonellosis pathogens, including antibiotic-resistant strain

Discovery of Avian Paramyxoviruses APMV-1 and APMV-6 in Shorebirds and Waterfowl in Southern Ukraine.

Peer reviewed: TrueEmerging RNA virus infections are a growing concern among domestic poultry industries due to the severe impact they can have on flock health and economic livelihoods. Avian paramyxoviruses (APMV; avulaviruses, AaV) are pathogenic, negative-sense RNA viruses that cause serious infections in the respiratory and central nervous systems. APMV was detected in multiple avian species during the 2017 wild bird migration season in Ukraine and studied using PCR, virus isolation, and sequencing. Of 4090 wild bird samples collected, mostly from southern Ukraine, eleven isolates were grown in ovo and identified for APMV serotype by hemagglutinin inhibition test as: APMV-1, APMV-4, APMV-6, and APMV-7. To build One Health's capacity to characterize APMV virulence and analyze the potential risks of spillover to immunologically naïve populations, we sequenced virus genomes in veterinary research labs in Ukraine using a nanopore (MinION) platform. RNA was extracted and amplified using a multiplex tiling primer approach to specifically capture full-length APMV-1 (n = 5) and APMV-6 (n = 2) genomes at high read depth. All APMV-1 and APMV-6 fusion (F) proteins possessed a monobasic cleavage site, suggesting these APMVs were likely low virulence, annually circulating strains. Utilization of this low-cost method will identify gaps in viral evolution and circulation in this understudied but important critical region for Eurasia

Discovery of Avian Paramyxoviruses APMV-1 and APMV-6 in Shorebirds and Waterfowl in Southern Ukraine.

Emerging RNA virus infections are a growing concern among domestic poultry industries due to the severe impact they can have on flock health and economic livelihoods. Avian paramyxoviruses (APMV; avulaviruses, AaV) are pathogenic, negative-sense RNA viruses that cause serious infections in the respiratory and central nervous systems. APMV was detected in multiple avian species during the 2017 wild bird migration season in Ukraine and studied using PCR, virus isolation, and sequencing. Of 4090 wild bird samples collected, mostly from southern Ukraine, eleven isolates were grown in ovo and identified for APMV serotype by hemagglutinin inhibition test as: APMV-1, APMV-4, APMV-6, and APMV-7. To build One Health's capacity to characterize APMV virulence and analyze the potential risks of spillover to immunologically naïve populations, we sequenced virus genomes in veterinary research labs in Ukraine using a nanopore (MinION) platform. RNA was extracted and amplified using a multiplex tiling primer approach to specifically capture full-length APMV-1 (n = 5) and APMV-6 (n = 2) genomes at high read depth. All APMV-1 and APMV-6 fusion (F) proteins possessed a monobasic cleavage site, suggesting these APMVs were likely low virulence, annually circulating strains. Utilization of this low-cost method will identify gaps in viral evolution and circulation in this understudied but important critical region for Eurasia

Rabies in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and North Africa : building evidence and delivering a regional approach to rabies elimination

The Middle East, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and North Africa Rabies Control Network (MERACON), is built upon the achievements of the Middle East and Eastern Europe Rabies Expert Bureau (MEEREB). MERACON aims to foster collaboration among Member States (MS) and develop shared regional objectives, building momentum towards dog-mediated rabies control and elimination. Here we assess the epidemiology of rabies and preparedness in twelve participating MS, using case and rabies capacity data for 2017, and compare our findings with previous published reports and a predictive burden model. Across MS, the number of reported cases of dog rabies per 100,000 dog population and the number of reported human deaths per 100,000 population as a result of dog-mediated rabies appeared weakly associated. Compared to 2014 there has been a decrease in the number of reported human cases in five of the twelve MS, three MS reported an increase, two MS continued to report zero cases, and the remaining two MS were not listed in the 2014 study and therefore no comparison could be drawn. Vaccination coverage in dogs has increased since 2014 in half (4/8) of the MS where data are available. Most importantly, it is evident that there is a need for improved data collection, sharing and reporting at both the national and international levels. With the formation of the MERACON network, MS will be able to align with international best practices, while also fostering international support with other MS and international organisations.Mérieux Foundation (MF) and the University of Surrey Doctoral College.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jipham2022BiochemistryGeneticsMicrobiology and Plant Patholog