Three notes on Petronius

Autor razmatra, prvo, Petr. 61.7 benemoria (čitanje po opšteprimljenoj konjekturi) u vezi s tekstom jednog mozaičnog natpisa iz Afrike; drugo, donosi novih paralela za Petr. 43.8 olim oliorum "odavno"; treće, razmatra oblik i značenje Petr. 52.4 i .6 nugax.The author discusses, firstly, Petr. 61.7 benemoria (a conjectural reading which has won universal acceptance) in connexion with an African inscription in mosaic; secondly, he adduces new parallels to Petr. 43.8 olim oliorum "for quite a while"; thirdly, he discusses the form and meaning of Petr. 52.4 and .6 nugax

The case of ILBulg 248: A la recherche des noms perdus

Ovaj članak posvećen je čitanju i tumačenju jednog davno objavljenog ali malo razjašnjenog rimskog nadgrobnog natpisa u stihu, čiji su značajni fragmenti svojevremeno nađeni u oblasti Lovča (Bugarska). Autor članka predlaže ovakvo čitanje: st. 1 Siste, viator, iter, animum[que intende sepu]lchro, et lege quam dure sit mihi v[ita d]ata. Ipsum marcebam Florenti caro m[ar]ito in XIIII annum: mors mihi saeva fuit. 5 [Sic d]isceptarunt fata, ne pia esse(m) patri nec mat[ri---] TEMRE pie faemine caste. Pro piet[ate lacr]imas satiavi fata superba, nomine [quae Satia genitori Eva]restt[o voca]bar; qui nuncquam sc[eleratus erat, quoad] ab impia fata 10 disceptata die ut n[imis essem blanda] marito, crudelis thalamos post mor[bi accessum] reliqui. Teque rog(o), com[e]s, dolea(t) tibi, pulch[ra futura] quod mea virginitas mort[al]i somn[o sepulta est], isque tuas cineres aurea ter[ra tegat. 15 Vosque] ego nunc moneo, genitore[s: fatorum legem r]umpere nemo [potest. Čini se, naime, da je taj epitaf, i što se sadržine i što se metra tiče, raščlanjen na tri relativno odelita segmenta. Prvi segment, koji počinje zazivanjem putnika prolaznika, oslanja se najpre na jedan kliše poznat iz nekoliko drugih spomenika (koji su, međutim, svi iz Italije), a iza toga doznajemo za mladu pokojnicu koja je, hronično bolujući, jedva 'dovenula do četrnaeste', i za njenog muža, na čijem se imenu smesta zasniva jedan kalambur kojim nam se saopštava da je on, nasuprot svojoj nesretnoj supruzi, bio 'zdravstvujući'. Mesta najteža za tumačenje nalaze se u središnjem segmentu, čija bi sadržina bila ova: iza nekih neobičnih, po sebi teško objašnjivih sklopova, koji bi se možda mogli motivisati, opet, kalamburima zasnovanim na izgubljenim imenima pokojnice, njenog oca i možda majke, dolazi nešto kao minijaturan izveštaj o smrti mlade žene čija bi hronična bolest bila eskalirala u bračnoj postelji pri (prvom?) pokušaju konzumacije braka, na dan njenog četrnaestog rođendana; ta čudnovata priča iz stvarnog života ispričana je ne bez izvesnog oslonca na mit o Atalanti kako ga je ispričao Ovidije u Metamorfozama. Završni segment sastoji se od dveju poruka koje pokojnica upućuje mužu odnosno roditeljima; tu, kao pri početku, imamo posla sa oveštalim formulama. Prevod epitafa restituisanog na ponuđeni način bio bi ovaj: 'Zastani, putniče, i obrati pažnju na ovaj grob, i pročitaj pod kakvim mi je surovim uslovom bilo dato da živim. Svom dragom mužu Florentu ['Cvetku'] ja sam venula tačno do u četrnaestu godinu. Smrt mi je bila svirepa. Sudbina je odredila da se ne odužim ocu niti majci… dobroj i čednoj ženi. Umesto toga, ja sam oholu sudbinu nasitila suzama: imenom Sacija Š'Sita'Ć nazivao me je moj otac Evarest ['Dobrica'], koji nikad nije bio zlehud, sve dok, na dan koji je nemilostiva sudbina odredila da se isuviše umilim svome mužu, po nastupu bolesti ne preminuh iz okrutne bračne postelje. Tebe pak molim, saputniče moj: nek ti bude žao što moje devičanstvo, koje se razvijalo u lepotu, leži ukopano smrtnim snom. On nek i tvoj pepeo pokrije zlatnom zemljom. A sad velim i vama, roditelji: zakon sudbine niko ne može prekršiti.'.The author proposes a new reading of the Roman epitaph from Lǎdžane near Lovech, Bulgaria. Much of his interpretation of this heavily fragmented text is about various possibilities and relative probabilities of restitution of its lost parts. Beside battered phrases and trivialities the epitaph seems to relate a rather extraordinary case of death in the marital bed, not without connexion to the myth of Atalante as told by Ovid in the Metamorphoses. The author also suggests that the few palpable oddities of language and style may have had their motive in as many puns intended on the (now mostly lost) personal names of the deceased and her family members

Justinian’s πάτριος φωνή

In the Justinianic Novellae, repeated occurrences of the phrase πάτριος φωνή, meaning the Latin language, are generally believed to be indicative of Justinian’s favourable stance towards Latin culture, Roman tradition, and his own roots. Per se, the importance and dignity of Latin needed no advocacy in the actual environment of the sixth-century Constantinople: not only was the idiom in wide official use, but a fair share of literary production was in Latin, and proficiency in that language was normal with the many admirers and connoisseurs of Roman antiquities. The usual understanding is that by calling Latin the “father tongue” Justinian never emphasized the contingent fact of its being his own first language, but rather referred to Latin as the primary language of the Roman people and the traditional vehicle of high administration throughout the Empire. In the present paper the use of πάτριος φωνή (or π. γλωττα) is examined in the wider context of earlier, contemporary and later Greek sources, in which it normally means the native language of a foreign individual or ethnicity as opposed to the Greek of the author and his readers; the instances involve a large number of foreign languages, including contemporary spoken idioms as well as traditional languages of different communities. However, the question whether πάτριος φωνή ever became a context-free denotation of Latin viewed as the traditional language, by all appearances, is to be answered to the negative. On the other hand, the phrase πάτριος φωνή often assumes the specific task of ‘flagging’ instances of code-switching in Greek texts, and it is this special purpose that it seems to fulfill more than once in the Novellae as well

Features of Vulgar Latin in the inscriptions of Naissus

The epigraphic material from the region of Naissus, in spite of its relative scarcity and poor state of preservation, offers valuable examples of Vulgar Latin usage. Interesting phenomena include an instance of the imperial name Pertinax in the form Pertenax, which may be due to a vulgar reinterpretation of the name (‘Very Tough’, cf. Constans, Valens, sim.) and may imply rhizotony (Perténax); the adjective superstantes ‘survivors’, apparently the issue of two consequent vulgar developments, superstes > superstens (hypercorrect spelling) > superstans (false analogy); an isosyllabic 3rd declension nominative singular, Melioris (from the name Melior), as well as a 3rd decl. dative singular generi from the 2nd decl. noun gener ‘son-in-law’; an early borrowing from Germanic, brutes ‘daughter-in-law’; a ‘weak’ future participle, sequiture, for secuturae; the bastard noun volumptas, cf. voluntas and voluptas; a correlative construction with sic...sic for quemadmodum...sic; and the verb adjuvare followed by a dative, which illustrates a vulgarism known from the Glossaries. Another kind of vulgarity, which is rather a matter of simplicity than purely linguistic incompetence, is found in cases such as an epitaph whose dedicator calls herself bene merita; or a semi-metric inscription-a commaticum-whose actual text may be the outcome of tampering with a regular epigraphic poe

Domino et fraturi: An unpublished graffito from Roman Sirmium

Izdaje se latinski natpis sa jedne rimske opeke iz Muzeja Srema. Po tipu, natpis spada među pozdravne grafite; lica koja u njemu figurišu verovatno su bila angažovana na građevinskim poslovima.In the Regional Museum of Srem in Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia, a Roman brick is preserved, containing an inscription (Inv. A/5342). Originating from any of the numerous Roman structures in the capital city of Sirmium - most probably from Site 4 (Villa) or Site 1a (Palace) - the brick exhibits a graffito in Latin which reads as follows: Domino et fraturi Maxime salutem Valerus Januarius Written before the brick was baked, this greeting obviously went from somebody present at the brick plant to another person engaged locally in the business of construction. To address the recipient of a message as dominus frater is a well-attested style in Roman military circles, especially between equals, from the early 2nd century on. Phonologically, the spelling fraturi (for fratri) is a remarkable instance of anaptyxis, vulgar, but only rarely occurring in the sources. The pendent vocative Maxime is probably due to the actual formula being a contamination of two known types, Maximo salutem and Maxime vale. Judging by their cognomenta, both men, Januarius and Maximus, may very well have been of indigenous origin, whereas the nomen Valerius may have been acquired through service in the imperial army or administration under the Tetrarchs

Stimulation of seeds by low frequency electromagnetic field on some properties of soybean

Razvoj nauke i tehnologije dovodi do stvaranja novih pristupa u oplemenjivanju useva i različitih metoda za podsticanje povećanja produktivnosti viših biljaka. Jedna od najnovijih metoda je implementacija ekološki prihvatljive tehnike korišćenja pulsirajućeg elektromagnetnog polja niskih frekvencija (PEMP). U radu su prikazani rezultati uticaja elektromagnetne stimulacije semena soje na broj zrna po biljci, masu 1000 zrna i prinos zrna u različitim agroekološkim uslovima. Soja zauzima važno mesto u pogledu ishrane ljudi i životinja, jer seme soje obiluje bogatim sadržajem ulja, proteina i masti. U trogodišnjem istraživanju u periodu od 2013-2015 korišćena je sorta soje Valjevka, gajena pri različitim količinama organskog granuliranog živinskog đubriva formulacije 4:4:4 (kontrola – bez đubrenja, 750 kg.ha-1 i 1300 kg.ha-1). Pre setve, seme je bilo podvrgnuto stimulaciji elektromagnetnog polja niskih frekvencija (PEMP) u sledećim konfiguracijama: kontrola - bez stimulacije i stimulacija naizmeničnim magnetnim poljem (PEMP) sa indukcijom od 30 mT i vreme ekspozicije od 15 min. Utvrđeno je da je varijabilnost ispitivanih parametara zavisila od sva tri faktora i to na statistički značajnom nivou od 1%. Istovremeno, vrednosti ispitivanih parametara je bila najveća u 2014. godini uzgoja u odnosu na 2013. i 2015. godinu (izuzev mase zrna po biljci koja je bila najveća u 2013) pri đubrenju od 1300 kg.ha-1 i stimulaciji semena sa PEMP. Prosečan broj zrna pri stimulaciji semena bio je za 32,64% (77,82) viši nego bez PEMP (58,67). Masa 1000 zrna sa PEMP je iznosila 155,99 g, što je bilo više za 2,06% u odnosu na varijantu bez PEMP (152,83 g). Prosečan prinos zrna soje za sve tri godine istraživanja sa stimulacijom semena je bio 4,85% (3481,25 kg.ha-1) viši nego bez PEMP (3320,14 kg.ha-1). Stimulacija semana sa PEMP ima ekonomsku opravdanost, obzirom na rast cena soje na svetskoj berzi. Rezultati sugerišu da PEMP tretman semena soje ima potencijal u kvalitetnoj, bezbednoj i visoko rodnoj proizvodnji i da se suprotstavi neželjenim efektima poput suše i nedostatka đubriva.The development of science and technology leads to the creation of new approaches in crop breeding and various methods to encourage increased plant productivity. One of the latest methods is the implementation of an environmentally acceptable technique of using a pulsed low frequency electromagnetic field (PEMP). The paper presents the results of the influence of electromagnetic stimulation of soybean seeds on the number of grains per plant, weight of 1000 grains and grain yield in different agroecological conditions. Soybeans occupy an important place in terms of human and animal nutrition, because soybean seeds are rich in oil, protein and fat. In a three-year study in the period from 2013-2015, the soybean variety Valjevka was used, grown with different amounts of organic granular poultry fertilizer formulation 4: 4: 4 (control - without fertilization, 750 kg.ha-1 i 1300 kg.ha-1). Before sowing, the seeds have been subjected to the stimulation of low frequency electromagnetic field (PEMF) in the following configurations: control - without stimulation and stimulation alternating magnetic field (PEMF) with the induction of 30 mT and exposure time of 15 min. It was found that the variability of the examined parameters depended on all three factors at a statistically significant level of 1%. At the same time, the values of the examined parameters were the highest in 2014 in relation to 2013 and 2015 (except for the mass of grain per plant, which was the highest in 2013) during fertilization of 1300 kg.ha-1 and stimulation of seeds with PEMP. The average number of grains during seed stimulation was 32.64% (77.82) higher than without PEMP (58.67). The weight of 1000 grains with PEMP was 155.99 g, which was 2.06% more than the variant without PEMP (152.83 g). The average yield of soybean grain for all three years of research with seed stimulation was 4.85% (3481.25 kg.ha- 1) higher than without PEMP (3320,14 kg.ha-1). Stimulation of seeds with PEMP has economic justification, given the growth of soybean prices on the world stock market. The results suggest that PEMP treatment of soybean seeds has the potential in quality, safe and high-yield production and to counteract the adverse effects such as drought and the lack of fertilizer

Effect of seed treatment by low-frequency electromagnetic field on soybean productivity

Razvoj nauke i tehnologije ide u pravcu introdukcije novih pristupa u oplemenjivanju biljaka i različitih metoda za povećanja produktivnosti biljaka. Jedna od najnovijih metoda je implementacija ekološki prihvatljive tehnike korišćenja pulsirajućeg elektromagnetnog polja niskih frekvencija (PEMP). U radu su prikazani rezultati uticaja elektromagnetne stimulacije semena soje na masu zrna po biljci, masu 1.000 zrna i prinos zrna u različitim agroekološkim uslovima. U trogodišnjem istraživanju, u periodu od 2013. do 2015. godine, korišćena je sorta soje Valjevka, gajena pri različitim količinama đubriva (kontrola – bez đubrenja, 750 kg/ha i 1300 kg/ha). Pre setve, seme je bilo podvrgnuto stimulaciji sa PEMP u varijantama: kontrola – bez stimulacije i stimulacija naizmeničnim magnetnim poljem sa indukcijom od 30 mT i vreme ekspozicije od 15 minuta. Prosečna masa zrna po biljci pri stimulaciji semena bila je za 11,53% (12,09) viša nego bez PEMP (10,84). Masa 1.000 zrna sa PEMP je iznosila 155,99 g, što je bilo više za 2,06% u odnosu na varijantu bez PEMP (152,83 g). Prosečan prinos zrna soje za sve tri godine istraživanja sa stimulacijom semena je bio za 4,85% veći (3481,25 kg/ha) nego bez PEMP (3320,14 kg/ha). Stimulacija semena sa PEMP ima ekonomsku opravdanost, obzirom na rast cena soje na svetskoj berzi. Rezultati pokazuju da PEMP tretman semena soje može značajno uticati na prinos zrna soje i da se suprotstavi neželјenim efektima poput suše i nedostatka đubriva.The development of science and technology introduces new approaches in plant breeding and various methods to increase plant productivity. One of the latest methods is the implementation of an environmentally friendly technique of using a pulsed low-frequency electromagnetic field (PEMP). The paper presents the results of the influence of the electromagnetic stimulation of soybean seeds on grain weight per plant, weight of 1,000 grains and grain yield in different agroecological conditions. In the three-year research, in the period from 2013 to 2015, the soybean variety Valjevka was used, grown with different amounts of fertilizers (control – without fertilization, 750 kg/ha and 1300 kg/ha). Before sowing, the seed was subjected to PEMP stimulation in variants: control – without stimulation and alternating magnetic field stimulation (PEMP) with induction of 30 mT and exposure time of 15 minutes. The average grain weight per plant during seed stimulation was 11.53% (12.09) higher than without PEMP (10.84). The weight of 1,000 grains with PEMP was 155.99 g, which was 2.06% higher than the weight of 1,000 grains of the variant without PEMP (152.83 g). The average soybean grain yield for all three years of research with seed stimulation was 4.85% higher (3,481.25 kg/ha) than without PEMP (3,320.14 kg/ha). Stimulation of seeds with PEMP has economic justification given the growth of soybean prices on the world stock market. The results show that the PEMP treatment of soybean seeds can significantly affect soybean grain yield and counteract side effects such as drought and lack of fertilizers

Efekat tretmana semena elektromagnetnim poljem niskih frekvencija na produktivnost soje

Razvoj nauke i tehnologije ide u pravcu introdukcije novih pristupa u oplemenjivanju biljaka i različitih metoda za povećanja produktivnosti biljaka. Jedna od najnovijih metoda je implementacija ekološki prihvatljive tehnike korišćenja pulsirajućeg elektromagnetnog polja niskih frekvencija (PEMP). U radu su prikazani rezultati uticaja elektromagnetne stimulacije semena soje na masu zrna po biljci, masu 1.000 zrna i prinos zrna u različitim agroekološkim uslovima. U trogodišnjem istraživanju, u periodu od 2013. do 2015. godine, korišćena je sorta soje Valjevka, gajena pri različitim količinama đubriva (kontrola – bez đubrenja, 750 kg/ha i 1300 kg/ha). Pre setve, seme je bilo podvrgnuto stimulaciji sa PEMP u varijantama: kontrola – bez stimulacije i stimulacija naizmeničnim magnetnim poljem sa indukcijom od 30 mT i vreme ekspozicije od 15 minuta. Prosečna masa zrna po biljci pri stimulaciji semena bila je za 11,53% (12,09) viša nego bez PEMP (10,84). Masa 1.000 zrna sa PEMP je iznosila 155,99 g, što je bilo više za 2,06% u odnosu na varijantu bez PEMP (152,83 g). Prosečan prinos zrna soje za sve tri godine istraživanja sa stimulacijom semena je bio za 4,85% veći (3481,25 kg/ha) nego bez PEMP (3320,14 kg/ha). Stimulacija semena sa PEMP ima ekonomsku opravdanost, obzirom na rast cena soje na svetskoj berzi. Rezultati pokazuju da PEMP tretman semena soje može značajno uticati na prinos zrna soje i da se suprotstavi neželјenim efektima poput suše i nedostatka đubriva

Castles made of sand? balkan latin from petar skok to J.N. Adams

Questions pertaining to the expansion, distribution, specificity and survival of Latin in the Danubian and Balkan provinces of the Roman empire have received much scholarly attention during the last hundred years. Four decades ago, in the ANRW volume dedicated to the state of research into the linguistic landscape of the Roman world, 1 Balkan Latin was given considerable space. Much of the earlier bibliography is to be found there; here I must mention but the two most important monographs – one by Petar Skok, 2 the other by Haralambie Mihăescu3 – which, despite differences, both represent wide-angle accounts of this phenomenon of linguistic and social history, the former book on a provincial, the latter on the regional level. Even today this kind of study is not completely out of vogue: Eugenia Beu-Dachin’s recent dissertation on Latin in Dacia is a good example.4 After so much work it surely is surprising to find that, in the authoritative study Jim Adams wrote on regional variation in Latin from early times down to AD 600, 5 the Balkan provinces drag behind almost every other area of the Roman empire in regard to the overall visibility and the individualisation of their Latin idiom

New roman graffiti from gradište near Prvonek (Southern Serbia)

Izdaju se hrišćanski natpisi na krovnim opekama nađenim maja 2005. Jedan natpis je celovit, i citira Psalam 20 (19). Dva preostala fragmenta, iako nekontingentna, možda pripadaju zajedno, u kom slučaju je moguća delimična restitucija natpisa, opet na osnovu psalmičkog teksta.In May 2005 a few fragments of roof tiles inscribed with Latin graffiti were discovered in the ruins of a fourth-century Roman structure at Gradište, 10 km east of Vranje. (1) A tile broken into three pieces but almost complete 68.5 × 38.5 × 2.5 cm (see Fig. 1): exauda te dominus ׀ in die tribulationis "May the Lord hear thee in the day of tribulation", Ps. 20(19).2. For exauda = exaudiat, cf. e.g. DVulg 837 custoda = custodia, IMS 4.115 aduvet=adjuvet. (2) Fragment of a tile, 25 × 21 × 2 cm (see Fig. 2, left): † magnu. [--- ׀ eu.i.sopu. [---. (3) Another fragment, found in immediate proximity to (2) measuring 14 × 11 × 9 × 2.5 cm (see Fig. 2, right): ---]s.dom[--- ׀ ---]ds. [---. The latter two fragments, although non-contiguous, may belong to a single tile, in which case the graffito will probably read (2+3) † magnus dom[inus expl]׀evis opu[s ±4] d(eu)s[---, "Great is the Lord: you will accomplish your job… God…"; cf. Vulg. Ps. 146.5 magnus dominus noster et magna virtus ejus. For expl]evis (=explebis) opu[s], cf. e.g. Hier. In Amos 2.prol.ut. coeptum. opus expleam, Greg. Dial. 1.12 ut opus.. expleret. These inscriptions provide new evidence of what seems to have been common practice among ancient Christian builders: messages written on tiles or bricks (cf. IMS 4.115) used to travel from the brick plant over to the building site containing prayers and good wishes, to the attention of the masons, who were able to read them before putting the material into final use