Multifunctional sunscreen pigments from the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune

13301甲第3972号博士（理学）金沢大学博士論文本文Full 以下に掲載：Marine Drugs 11(9) pp.3124-3154 2013. MDPI. 共著者：Ehsan Nazifi, Naoki Wada, Minami Yamaba, Tomoya Asano, Takumi Nishiuchi, Seiichi Matsugo, Toshio Sakamot

Vrednovanje međusobnog djelovanja oksidant-antioksidant u krvi golubova prirodno zaraženih vrstom Haemoproteus columbae.

Haemoproteus columbae is a haemosporidian parasite that infects pigeons throughout the world. The present study was designed to elucidate more aspects of the antioxidant defense of the body against haemoparasite infections in pigeons. A total of 46 indigenous pigeons naturally infected with H. columbae were selected and subdivided into three subgroups based on their parasitemia rates (<1 %, 1-3 %, 3-5 %). 24 non-infected birds were also used as controls. Blood samples from both groups were taken, and haematological parameters were measured. Although our data demonstrated significant decreases in the red blood cell count (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin values of the infected animals (P<0.05), no remarkable changes were observed in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase), the level of malondiadehyde (MDA) as an index of lipid peroxidation, serum levels of lipids (cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL) and serum concentrations of antioxidant trace elements (copper, iron, zinc, manganese and selenium) and vitamins (A, E and C) in infected groups compared to controls. These findings show that anaemia may occur as a result of the infection with H. columbae in pigeons. In addition, the unchanged levels of different antioxidant agents, lipid peroxidation index (MDA) and the main lipid components of serum during the infection, may implicitly suggest that the parasite probably cannot induce significant effects on the antioxidant mechanisms protecting erythrocytes against oxidative agents. Also, oxidative shock may not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the parasite in pigeons infected with H. columbae. Further studies to clarify the exact mechanism(s) of anaemia in this haemoparasitic infection need to be carried out.Haemoproteus columbae jest hemosporidij koji napada golubove diljem svijeta. Ovo istraživanje poduzeto je u namjeri da se s više gledišta rasvijetli antioksidacijska obrana organizma od hemoparazitskih infekcija u golubova. Ukupno je bilo odabrano 46 autohtonih golubova prirodno invadiranih vrstom H. columbae te podijeljeno u tri podskupine na osnovi stupnja njihove parazitemije (<1%, 1-3%, 3-5%). Kao kontrola poslužile su 24 neinficirane ptice. Uzeti su uzorci krvi od obiju skupina te su određeni hematološki pokazatelji. Iako su rezultati pokazali značajno smanjenje broja crvenih krvnih stanica, vrijednosti hematokrita i hemoglobina u invadiranih životinja (P<0,05), nisu ipak zapažene značajne promjene u aktivnostima antioksidacijskih enzima (uključujući superperoksidnu dismutazu, glutationsku peroksidazu i katalazu), razine malondialdehida (MDA) kao pokazatelja lipidne peroksidacije, razine lipida u serumu (kolesterola, triglicerida, HDL i LDL) i serumskih koncentracija antioksidacijskih elemenata u tragovima (bakra, željeza, cinka, mangana i selena) te vitamina (A, E i C) u uzorcima seruma invadiranih skupina u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu. Ti nalazi pokazuju da se anemija može javiti kao rezultat invazije vrstom H. columbae u golubova. Povrh toga, nepromijenjene razine različitih antioksidacijskih tvari, indeks lipidne peroksidacije i sadržaj glavnih lipida u serumu tijekom invazije može značiti da parazit vjerojatno ne može potaknuti značajne učinke na antioksidacijske mehanizme koji bi zaštitili eritrocite od oksidacijskih tvari. Također, oksidacijski šok nema značajnu ulogu u patogenezi invazije vrstom H. columbae u golubova. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja za točno rasvjetljavanje mehanizama nastanka anemije kod hemoparazitskih invazija

Kokcidioza koza: učinci pokusne infekcije na određene krvne pokazatelje.

The objective of this experiment was to elucidate the aspects of differential circulatory cell responses during experimental coccidiosis in goat. A total of twenty newborn kids were selected; ten of them were infected with sporulated oocysts of the most pathogenic species of Eimeria and the remainder served as control. Blood samples were taken at 0 (before inoculation), 3, 7, 14, 17, 21, 24, 28 and 35 days post infection (dpi) and some hematological and fecal related parameters were measured. According to our data, except for a significant decrease at 24 dpi, packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations evidenced no substantial changes in the infected kids compared to controls. The percentage of the circulatory neutrophils showed remarkable increases from 7 to 24 dpi. Unlike neutrophils, the level of lymphocytes represented marked decreases from 7 to 24 dpi. In addition, circulatory eosinophils evidenced no statistical changes during the infection; however monocytes revealed a significant elevation only at 17 and 24 dpi. Substantial activations of neutrophils and lymphocytes indicate that these cells have key roles in either preventing or establishing primary infections with Eimeria in goats.Cilj pokusa bio je rasvijetliti različite odgovore stanica u krvnom optjecaju tijekom pokusno uzrokovane kokcidioze u koza. U pokus je bilo uključeno 20 novoojarene jaradi od čega je 10 bilo zaraženo sporuliranim oocistama najpatogenije vrste roda Eimeria, a ostalih 10 su poslužili za kontrolu. Uzorci njihove krvi bili su uzeti 0. (prije zaražavanja), 3., 7., 14., 17., 21., 24., 28. i 35. dana nakon zaražavanja te su bili pretraženi na neke hematološke pokazatelje. Parazitološki su bili pretraženi i uzorci izmeta. Vrijednosti hematokrita i koncentracije hemoglobina nisu pokazivale bitne promjene u zaraženih u odnosu na kontrolne životinje, osim značajnog smanjenja 24. dana nakon infekcije. Postotak optjecajnih neutrofila bio je značajno povećan od 7. do 24. dana nakon infekcije. Za razliku od neutrofila, razina limfocita bila je znantno smanjena od 7. do 24. dana poslije infekcije. Povrh toga, statistički značajne promjene ustanovljene su u broju optjecajnih eozinofila dok je broj monocita bio značajno povišen 17. i 24. dana nakon infekcije. Znatna aktivacija neutrofila i limfocita upućuju na zaključak da te stanice imaju ključnu ulogu u sprječavanju primarne infekcije kokcidijama roda Eimeria u koza

Novel glycosylated mycosporine-like amino acids with radical scavenging activity from the cyanobacterium Nostoc commune

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are UV absorbing pigments, and structurally distinct MAAs have been identified in taxonomically diverse organisms. Two novel MAAs were purified from the cyanobacterium Nostoc commune, and their chemical structures were characterized. An MAA with an absorption maximum at 335 nm was identified as a pentose-bound porphyra-334 derivative with a molecular mass of 478 Da. Another identified MAA had double absorption maxima at 312 and 340 nm and a molecular mass of 1050 Da. Its unique structure consisted of two distinct chromophores of 3-aminocyclohexen-1-one and 1,3-diaminocyclohexen and two pentose and hexose sugars. These MAAs had radical scavenging activity in vitro; the 1050-Da MAA contributed approximately 27% of the total radical scavenging activities in a water extract of N. commune. These results suggest that these glycosylated MAAs have multiple roles as a UV protectant and an antioxidant relevant to anhydrobiosis in N. commune. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Glycosylated porphyra-334 and palythine-threonine from the terrestrial cyanobacterium nostoc commune

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are water-soluble UV-absorbing pigments, and structurally different MAAs have been identified in eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria. In this study novel glycosylated MAAs were found in the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune (N. commune). An MAA with an absorption maximum at 334 nm was identified as a hexose-bound porphyra-334 derivative with a molecular mass of 508 Da. Another MAA with an absorption maximum at 322 nm was identified as a two hexose-bound palythine-threonine derivative with a molecular mass of 612 Da. These purified MAAs have radical scavenging activities in vitro, which suggests multifunctional roles as sunscreens and antioxidants. The 612-Da MAA accounted for approximately 60% of the total MAAs and contributed approximately 20% of the total radical scavenging activities in a water extract, indicating that it is the major water-soluble UV-protectant and radical scavenger component. The hexose-bound porphyra-334 derivative and the glycosylated palythine-threonine derivatives were found in a specific genotype of N. commune, suggesting that glycosylated MAA patterns could be a chemotaxonomic marker for the characterization of the morphologically indistinguishable N. commune. The glycosylation of porphyra-334 and palythine-threonine in N. commune suggests a unique adaptation for terrestrial environments that are drastically fluctuating in comparison to stable aquatic environments. © 2013 by the authors

Characterization of the chemical diversity of glycosylated mycosporine-like amino acids in the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are UV-absorbing pigments, and structurally unique glycosylated MAAs are found in the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune. In this study, we examined two genotypes of N. commune colonies with different water extract UV-absorption spectra. We found structurally distinct MAAs in each genotype. The water extract from genotype A showed a UV-absorbing spectrum with an absorption maximum at 335 nm. The extract contained the following compounds: 7-O-(β-arabinopyranosyl)-porphyra-334 (478 Da), pentose-bound shinorine (464 Da), hexose-bound porphyra-334 (508 Da) and porphyra-334 (346 Da). The water extract from genotype B showed a characteristic UV-absorbing spectrum with double absorption maxima at 312 and 340 nm. The extract contained hybrid MAAs (1050 Da and 880 Da) with two distinct chromophores of 3-aminocyclohexen-1-one and 1,3-diaminocyclohexen linked to 2-O-(β-xylopyranosyl)-β-galactopyranoside. A novel 273-Da MAA with an absorption maximum at 310 nm was also identified in genotype B. The MAA consisted of a 3-aminocyclohexen-1-one linked to a γ-aminobutyric acid chain. These MAAs had potent radical scavenging activities in vitro and the results confirmed that the MAAs have multiple roles as a UV protectant and an antioxidant relevant to anhydrobiosis in N. commune. The two genotypes of N. commune exclusively produced their own characteristic glycosylated MAAs, which supports that MAA composition could be a chemotaxonomic marker for the classification of N. commune

Occurrence and Evolutionary Analysis of Coat Protein Gene Sequences of Iranian Isolates of Sugarcane mosaic virus

Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is one of the most damaging viruses infecting sugarcane, maize and some other graminaceous species around the world. To investigate the genetic diversity of SCMV in Iran, the coat protein (CP) gene sequences of 23 SCMV isolates from different hosts were determined. The nucleotide sequence identity among Iranian isolates was more than 96%. They shared nucleotide identities of 75.5–99.9% with those of other SCMV isolates available in GenBank, the highest with the Egyptian isolate EGY7-1 (97.5–99.9%). The results of phylogenetic analysis suggested five divergent evolutionary lineages that did not completely reflect the geographical origin or host plant of the isolates. Population genetic analysis revealed greater between-group than within-group evolutionary divergence values, further supporting the results of the phylogenetic analysis. Our results indicated that natural selection might have contributed to the evolution of isolates belonging to the five identified SCMV groups, with infrequent genetic exchanges occurring between them. Phylogenetic analyses and the estimation of genetic distance indicated that Iranian isolates have low genetic diversity. No recombination was found in the CP cistron of Iranian isolates and the CP gene was under negative selection. These findings provide a comprehensive analysis of the population structure and driving forces for the evolution of SCMV with implications for global exchange of sugarcane germplasm. Gene flow, selection and somehow homologous recombination were found to be the important evolutionary factors shaping the genetic structure of SCMV populations