PREFERENSI DAN EFIKASI RODENTISIDA BRODIFAKUM TERHADAP TIGA JENIS TIKUS HAMA

Rat which is associated with wildlife and human life becomes important pest in agriculture, plantations, and settlements.  Currently, three species of rat pest that presence in human live is very annoying and causing damage, i.e. ricefield rat (Rattus argentiventer), house rat (R. rattus diardii), and tree rat (R. tiomanicus).  Efforts to control the three rat species are often done using chemical control (rodenticides).  The aims of this study are comparing the consumption of ricefield rats, house rats, and tree rats to rodenticide with brodifacoum active ingredient.  Besides, the aim is to understand the effectiveness of these rodenticides to control the three rats’ species.  The method used is multiple-choice test and bi-choice test for five days continuously using brodifakum and bait base (grain, rice, corn).  After five days treatment, test rats will be re-tested for three days with grain fed, then will be used for further treatment, if in good health.  Results obtained from the multiple choice test showed relatively similar results, namely that the rats chose to consume more feed than rodenticides.  The method of bi-choice test, rats preferred rice when giving feed, rather than corn and paddy. Rodenticides brodifacoum for ricefield rats is less favored on any provision of feed.  Brodifacoum is more effective in controlling house and tree rats, because the two species are less recognized and did not experience to the suspicion of rodenticide. Key words: rodenticides brodifacoum, ricefield rat, house rat, and tree ra

Pengaruh cahaya artifisial di malam hari (artificial light at night-ALAN) terhadap serangga

Insect populations have declined significantly over the last few decades. Anthropogenic factors such as deforestation, land-use change, climate change, and pesticides play a major role in insect population decline. In addition to those factors, insects also face challenges from air, noise, and light pollution derived from human activities. Light pollution in the form of artificial light at night (ALAN) is generally known to be one of the factors driving insect declines but it has rarely been studied in Indonesia. In this literature review, we collected empirical evidence from previous studies to provide a comprehensive report on the impact of ALAN on insects. Most studies demonstrate a decline in insect populations in areas with high ALAN intensity, such as urban areas. Furthermore, ALAN was reported to disrupt insect visual systems, which results in disturbances to predator avoidance and foraging movements. Until now, most work related to artificial light in Indonesia have focused on light as a method of controlling pests. Hence, studies related to artificial light as a pollutant are urgently needed to increase our understanding of the effects of ALAN on the survival of organisms, especially insects. Future research must seek suitable solutions to create environmentally and ecologically friendly conditions for various organisms, especially those susceptible to the negative effects of light, such as insects

Rainforest transformation reallocates energy from green to brown food webs.

Terrestrial animal biodiversity is increasingly being lost because of land-use change1,2. However, functional and energetic consequences aboveground and belowground and across trophic levels in megadiverse tropical ecosystems remain largely unknown. To fill this gap, we assessed changes in energy fluxes across 'green' aboveground (canopy arthropods and birds) and 'brown' belowground (soil arthropods and earthworms) animal food webs in tropical rainforests and plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia. Our results showed that most of the energy in rainforests is channelled to the belowground animal food web. Oil palm and rubber plantations had similar or, in the case of rubber agroforest, higher total animal energy fluxes compared to rainforest but the key energetic nodes were distinctly different: in rainforest more than 90% of the total animal energy flux was channelled by arthropods in soil and canopy, whereas in plantations more than 50% of the energy was allocated to annelids (earthworms). Land-use change led to a consistent decline in multitrophic energy flux aboveground, whereas belowground food webs responded with reduced energy flux to higher trophic levels, down to -90%, and with shifts from slow (fungal) to fast (bacterial) energy channels and from faeces production towards consumption of soil organic matter. This coincides with previously reported soil carbon stock depletion3. Here we show that well-documented animal biodiversity declines with tropical land-use change4-6 are associated with vast energetic and functional restructuring in food webs across aboveground and belowground ecosystem compartments

Pengaruh Musim terhadap Kelimpahan Kumbang Moncong (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) pada Tipe Penggunaan Lahan Berbeda di Lanskap Hutan Harapan dan Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas, Jambi

Land-use change from forest to plantation can cause the loss of various types of insect diversity group, one of which is the beetle group. Curculionids or weevils is one of the largest families in the Order Coleoptera due to its adaptability in almost all habitats in nature. This research is aimed to study the effect of seasonality on species richness and the abundance of weevils in oil palm and rubber plantation in Hutan Harapan and Bukit Duabelas National Park, Jambi. Sample was collected in the dry season and rainy season 2013–2014 by fogging method using pyrethroid knockdown insecticides. In each land use, 4 observation plots were erected with selected 3 points as a subplots, so there are 16 plots or 48 subplots in total. The results showed that 1.761 individuals of weevils from 9 subfamilies and 45 morphospecies. Based on analysis, seasonal difference did not affect species richness and abundance of weevils, while land-use types affect abundance of weevils. Analysis of similarity using Bray-Curtis Index showed 4% of similarity in two land-use types, and 46% of similarity between two seasons. The diversity index in oil palm plantation were lower than rubber plantation. The most dominant species that can be found in both land-use types is Elaeidobius Kamerunicus Faust., while Rhynchophorus sp.01 is only found in oil palm plantation, and Curculio sp.04 is only found in rubber plantation

Keanekaragaman dan Komposisi Kumbang Elaterid (Coleoptera: Elateridae) di Kawasan Hutan Hujan Tropis Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas dan Hutan Harapan, Jambi

Jambi province is one of the regions in Indonesia that has tropical rainforests with different landscape characteristics in each region. Tropical rainforests contain the highest biodiversity in the world and as a habitat for various types of flora and fauna, including elaterid beetles. Elaterid beetles have an important role as ecological bioindicators. The aim of this research was to study the diversity and species composition of elaterid beetle in two different landscape types. Insect sampling was carried out in Jambi Province on two tropical rainforest landscape, i.e. Bukit Duabelas National Park (TNBD) and Harapan Rainforest. Elaterid beetles were collected by canopy fogging method in the morning. Each landscape consists of four core plots and each core plot consist of three as subplot, total subplots observed in both landscape were 24 subplots. A total of 2069 individuals of elaterid beetles were collected, belonging to 6 subfamilies, 23 genera, and 59 morphospecies. The abundance of elaterid beetles was higher in Harapan Rainforest, while species richness was higher in TNBD landscape. Species dominant in two landscape consist to subfamily Agrypninae, belonging to genera Adelocera with morphospecies Adelocera sp.01. The result of this research showed that landscape differences influencing the composition and abundance of elaterid beetles, but it does not influence in species richness of elaterid beetles

Rainforest conversion to monocultures favors generalist ants with large colonies

Abstract The conversion of natural ecosystems to agricultural land is one of the most important drivers of biodiversity decline worldwide, particularly in the tropics. Species loss is typically trait‐associated, leading to filtering of disturbance‐resistant species during community assembly, which affects ecosystem functioning and evolutionary potential of communities. To understand the ecological and phylogenetic impact of rainforest conversion to agricultural systems, we combine analysis of nesting habit, feeding habit, colony size, and body size of canopy ants (Formicidae) with a phylogenetic analysis of species collected in four land‐use systems in Sumatra, Indonesia: (1) lowland tropical rainforest, (2) jungle rubber (extensive rubber agroforest), and smallholder plantations of (3) rubber and (4) oil palm. Canopy ant communities in these land‐use systems differed in trait composition, with a larger proportion of generalist nesting and generalist‐omnivore feeding species in oil palm compared to rainforest and a larger proportion of generalist nesters and species with large colonies (>1000 individuals) in rubber than in rainforest. Traits of canopy ant communities in jungle rubber were more similar to those in rainforest than to those in rubber and oil palm plantations. In rainforest, mean pairwise phylogenetic distance was lower than expected for random community assembly, but did not differ from random in the other land‐use systems. Of the traits nesting habit, feeding habit, and colony size, only feeding habit exhibited phylogenetic signal. Our results show that rainforest conversion to agricultural systems is accompanied by shifts in trait composition of canopy ant communities. Further, our results argue against environmental filtering of closely related canopy ant species as the major community assembly mechanism in plantation systems, but suggest that the Sumatran lowland rainforests harbor recently diverged endemic ant species that are particularly vulnerable to rainforest conversion to agricultural systems. Given the importance of ants for tropical ecosystems, the ecological differences among ant communities along the land‐use gradient might have important consequences for ecosystem functioning and services in plantation systems

Rainforest transformation reallocates energy from green to brown food webs

Acknowledgements: This study was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), project number 192626868–SFB 990 in the framework of the collaborative German-Indonesian research project CRC990. We thank PT REKI for granting us access and use of their properties. A.M.P. acknowledges support of the DFG Emmy Noether programme (project no. 493345801) and of iDiv (DFG–FZT 118, 202548816). C.W. is grateful for support by the DFG Heisenberg programme (project no. 493487387). We thank B. Gauzens for advice on energy flux calculations and discussion about the index for carbon balance. We thank S. Meyer and contributors of PhyloPic.org for the animal and resource silhouettes used in Figs. 1 and 2.AbstractTerrestrial animal biodiversity is increasingly being lost because of land-use change1,2. However, functional and energetic consequences aboveground and belowground and across trophic levels in megadiverse tropical ecosystems remain largely unknown. To fill this gap, we assessed changes in energy fluxes across ‘green’ aboveground (canopy arthropods and birds) and ‘brown’ belowground (soil arthropods and earthworms) animal food webs in tropical rainforests and plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia. Our results showed that most of the energy in rainforests is channelled to the belowground animal food web. Oil palm and rubber plantations had similar or, in the case of rubber agroforest, higher total animal energy fluxes compared to rainforest but the key energetic nodes were distinctly different: in rainforest more than 90% of the total animal energy flux was channelled by arthropods in soil and canopy, whereas in plantations more than 50% of the energy was allocated to annelids (earthworms). Land-use change led to a consistent decline in multitrophic energy flux aboveground, whereas belowground food webs responded with reduced energy flux to higher trophic levels, down to −90%, and with shifts from slow (fungal) to fast (bacterial) energy channels and from faeces production towards consumption of soil organic matter. This coincides with previously reported soil carbon stock depletion3. Here we show that well-documented animal biodiversity declines with tropical land-use change4–6 are associated with vast energetic and functional restructuring in food webs across aboveground and belowground ecosystem compartments.</jats:p

Rainforest transformation reallocates energy from green to brown food webs

Acknowledgements: This study was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), project number 192626868–SFB 990 in the framework of the collaborative German-Indonesian research project CRC990. We thank PT REKI for granting us access and use of their properties. A.M.P. acknowledges support of the DFG Emmy Noether programme (project no. 493345801) and of iDiv (DFG–FZT 118, 202548816). C.W. is grateful for support by the DFG Heisenberg programme (project no. 493487387). We thank B. Gauzens for advice on energy flux calculations and discussion about the index for carbon balance. We thank S. Meyer and contributors of PhyloPic.org for the animal and resource silhouettes used in Figs. 1 and 2.Terrestrial animal biodiversity is increasingly being lost because of land-use change1, 2. However, functional and energetic consequences aboveground and belowground and across trophic levels in megadiverse tropical ecosystems remain largely unknown. To fill this gap, we assessed changes in energy fluxes across ‘green’ aboveground (canopy arthropods and birds) and ‘brown’ belowground (soil arthropods and earthworms) animal food webs in tropical rainforests and plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia. Our results showed that most of the energy in rainforests is channelled to the belowground animal food web. Oil palm and rubber plantations had similar or, in the case of rubber agroforest, higher total animal energy fluxes compared to rainforest but the key energetic nodes were distinctly different: in rainforest more than 90% of the total animal energy flux was channelled by arthropods in soil and canopy, whereas in plantations more than 50% of the energy was allocated to annelids (earthworms). Land-use change led to a consistent decline in multitrophic energy flux aboveground, whereas belowground food webs responded with reduced energy flux to higher trophic levels, down to −90%, and with shifts from slow (fungal) to fast (bacterial) energy channels and from faeces production towards consumption of soil organic matter. This coincides with previously reported soil carbon stock depletion3. Here we show that well-documented animal biodiversity declines with tropical land-use change4–6 are associated with vast energetic and functional restructuring in food webs across aboveground and belowground ecosystem compartments