Rising Sun: Japan's Financial and Humanitarian Aid to Ukraine Amidst Full-Scale Russian Aggression

This article examines Japan's role in supporting Ukraine during the ongoing armed aggression. Drawing parallels between the historical experiences of both nations during World War II, the study delves into Japan's transformation from aggressive militarism to a responsible global citizen. Through comprehensive analysis, the article explores the multifaceted aid provided by Japan to Ukraine, categorizing it into six domains: assistance to Ukraine, financial restrictive measures, trade restrictions, visa limitations, sanctions against Belarus, and measures related to the so-called Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic. The research details Japan's efforts in providing various forms of assistance, including financial support, humanitarian aid, and trade limitations. It further highlights Japan's commitment to supporting Ukraine's rebuilding efforts, evident through substantial financial contributions. The study also delves into Japan's diplomatic engagement and its call for unity in addressing Russia's aggression against Ukraine. This article sheds light on Japan's empathetic stance and its dedication to maintaining international law and human dignity, underscoring the significance of global solidarity in times of adversity

Ukrainian Customs is under fire. Functioning of the territorial bodies of the State Customs Service during the Russian invasion

The affairs of Ukrainian Customs during the Russian Federation’s military aggression against Ukraine were heavily impacted from the first days of the declaration of martial law on the territory of Ukraine. The effect of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on the activities of the State Customs Service of Ukraine and its territorial bodies (customs offices) is examined. The advantages and disadvantages of anti-crisis measures introduced by the State Customs Service to overcome the negative consequences of ongoing armed aggression are then explored. Finally, the current organisational and competence aspects of the territorial bodies of the State Customs Service of Ukraine during the armed conflict are emphasised

Legal Tug-of-War: The Institutional Challenges of the Domestic Prosecution of War Crimes in Ukraine

This article examines the complexities of prosecuting war crimes in Ukraine following Russia's February 2022 invasion. The unprecedented scale of the atrocities presented national prosecutors and judges with significant challenges in solving multifaceted legal issues. The research aims to provide a detailed understanding of the roles, responsibilities and investigations of various entities in the national legal and judicial system of Ukraine. The article offers a comprehensive overview of the criminal prosecution infrastructure in Ukraine, emphasizing the key role played by the national legal and judicial system. It examines the issues of responsibility, methods and investigations of war crimes, and also outlines the general challenges facing the national criminal prosecution system in Ukraine. The author reveals the intricacies of the Ukrainian criminal justice system and illustrates its multifaceted duties and functions. Highlighting the critical role of national legal and judicial systems, the article identifies challenges that highlight the complexity of prosecuting war crimes at the national level. The analysis reveals key aspects of the prosecution of war crimes in Ukraine. Obstacles in navigating the legal field, collecting and preserving evidence, providing reliable witnesses and overcoming jurisdictional barriers emphasize the need to strengthen investigative capabilities and promote international cooperation. The identified challenges emphasize the need to strengthen training and capacity building initiatives in the legal and judicial sectors. The main challenge is to promote systemic changes in the legal culture with an emphasis on accountability for international crimes. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach that includes legal reform, capacity building, international cooperation, and cultural change in recognizing the importance of prosecuting international crimes. Ukraine can effectively carry out justice for such egregious crimes with the help of a comprehensive strategy

E-Evidence in Ukrainian Criminal Justice: Exploring the Legal Realities and Theoretical Perspectives

This article examines an important aspect of Ukrainian criminal justice - the use of electronic evidence. The purpose of the study is to analyze the legal complexities associated with this topic, to determine the place of electronic evidence in the criminal justice system of Ukraine and its significance in the context of Ukraine's desire for European integration and overcoming the impact of the ongoing armed conflict. The article highlights the complexities associated with the use of e-evidence and examines its role in the general context of procedural sources of evidence and its interaction with traditional forms of evidence. The article also highlights how electronic evidence affects criminal justice in the digital age and in the context of ongoing conflict. The article analyzes the concept of electronic evidence and its role in the modern digital society. It examines the interaction of electronic evidence with other types of evidence in the context of criminal justice, and also identifies the challenges that arise in connection with the collection, preservation and use of electronic evidence in court proceedings. The study focuses on the need to improve the legal framework governing the use of electronic evidence in Ukraine. The current legal framework lags behind modern standards, making it difficult to effectively prosecute and prosecute offenses in the digital age. To ensure accountability for past crimes and strengthen the rule of law, Ukraine must bring its legal system into line with modern approaches to the use of electronic evidence. The author emphasizes the relevance of the issue and the need to introduce significant changes in the legislation to comply with modern approaches to electronic evidence. This is an important step to ensure accountability for past offenses and strengthen the rule of law in the post-conflict period in Ukraine

Ukrainian Courts in Crisis: Maintaining the Integrity of the Judicial System in Times of Conflict

This article discusses the challenges faced by the Ukrainian judicial system during the ongoing conflict in Ukraine and the efforts being made to maintain its integrity. The author highlights the impact of the conflict on the courts, including the loss of judges and the destruction of court buildings, and examines the measures taken to address these challenges. The article also discusses the reforms that have been implemented to strengthen the independence and impartiality of the judiciary. Finally, the author emphasises the need for continued support for these efforts to ensure the integrity of the Ukrainian judicial system in times of conflict

Holding Judges Accountable: A Comparative Analysis of Procedural Aspects in Ukraine and European Union Member States

The article focuses on the pressing issues surrounding the practical aspects of judicial reform in Ukraine, particularly emphasising the formation and development of mechanisms to hold judges accountable. The article states that the legitimacy of the lustration process in Ukraine requires the consideration of principles of judicial accountability and guarantees of due process. The article highlights the importance of analysis concerning judge accountability in European Union countries and Ukraine. The article summarises specific legal and practical challenges related to judge accountability

Ensuring Fair Trials: Preserving Independence and Impartiality in Criminal Pre-Trial Investigations during War in Ukraine

The right to an effective investigation of the circumstances of a criminal offence must be ensured during martial law to guarantee a fair trial. The article explores the regulatory framework for effective pre-trial investigation standards under martial law. The article notes that the provisions of the current criminal procedural law are imperfect in terms of legal regulation of effective pre-trial investigation standards, which negatively affects the effectiveness of criminal proceedings during martial law. The article emphasizes that the requirement for an effective investigation must be followed during martial law, which means implementing the relevant standards for conducting effective investigations in criminal proceedings. The article underscores that the provisions of the criminal procedural law do not always contribute to the implementation of effective investigation standards. The article emphasizes that legislative provisions regarding the regulation of the identification and replacement of an investigator during the pre-trial investigation during martial law do not contribute to compliance with the "independence and impartiality" standard of effective investigation. The article determines that procedural norms regarding the legal regulation of pre-trial investigation deadlines before the notification of suspicion during martial law do not contribute to the implementation of the "exemplary conscientiousness" standard of effective investigation. The article asserts that the provisions of the criminal procedural law regarding the legal regulation of the commencement of pre-trial investigation during martial law are not aligned with the "efficiency" standard. The author concludes that changes need to be made to the provisions of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine to address the problems of the regulatory framework for effective pre-trial investigation standards under martial law

Identification of intragenic mutations in the Hansenula polymorpha PEX6 gene that affect peroxisome biogenesis and methylotrophic growth

Two interacting AAA ATPases, Pex1p and Pex6p, are indispensable for peroxisome biogenesis in different organisms. Mutations affecting corresponding genes are the most common cause of the peroxisome biogenesis disorders in humans. By UV mutagenesis of the Hansenula polymorpha pex6 mutant, deficient in peroxisome biogenesis, we isolated a conditional cold-sensitive strain with restored ability to grow in methanol medium at 37degreesC but not at 28degreesC. Sequencing of the pex6 allele revealed a point mutation in the first AAA module of the PEX6 gene that leads to substitution of a conserved amino acid residue (G737E). An additional intragenic mutation identified in the cold-sensitive pex6 allele leads to a conserved amino acid substitution in the second AAA domain (R1000G). Electron microscopic analysis revealed restored peroxisomes in methanol-induced cold-sensitive pex6 cells at both permissive and restrictive temperatures. If separated, the secondary mutation did not affect methylotrophic growth. Our data suggest that H. polymorpha Pex6p may have a complex function in peroxisome biogenesis in which identified amino acid residues are involved. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of the Federation of European Microbiological Societies

Гендерні стереoтипи тa їх трaнсфoрмaції в сучaсній реклaмі (Gender stereotypes and their transformation in the modern advertising)

У стaтті рoзглядaються oснoвні aспекти трaнсфoрмaції гендерних стереoтипів у сучaсній реклaмі. Рoзглянутo вплив стереoтипів нa життя людей. Звертaється увaгa нa oснoвні прoблеми, щo існують у сучaсній реклaмі. (The article deals with the main aspects of transformation of the gender stereotypes in the modern advertising. The influence of stereotypes on people’s lives was defined. Author pays attention to the main features of the problems that exist in modern advertising.