Programs analysis for Food Security and Nutrition in the city of São Paulo: the set of the programs make up a Policy of Food and Nutrition Security health-promoting?

A Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) é a realização do direito de todos ao acesso regular e permanente a alimentos de qualidade, em quantidade suficiente, sem comprometer o acesso a outras necessidades essenciais, tendo como base práticas alimentares promotoras de saúde, que respeitem a diversidade cultural e que sejam social, econômica e ambientalmente sustentáveis. Nos últimos anos esta temática tem se destacado no cenário político nacional, principalmente após sua institucionalização por meio da Lei Orgânica de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (LOSAN 11.346/06) que cria o Sistema de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional. Considerando os esforços para a implantação deste Sistema, nacionalmente, e a proximidade entre as proposições deste campo e o ideário da Promoção da Saúde, este estudo objetivou analisar um conjunto de programas de segurança alimentar e nutricional, desenvolvidos no município de São Paulo, sob a perspectiva da Promoção da Saúde, buscando verificar se ele compõe uma política de SAN promotora da saúde. A pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo, contou com análise de documentos referentes aos programas e entrevistas, por meio de questionários semi-estruturados, junto aos profissionais responsáveis por estas iniciativas. Verificou-se que os programas são distribuídos em todos os eixos de SAN (produção, abastecimento, consumo de alimentos e programas de suplementação alimentar e monitoramento da insegurança alimentar) com maior ênfase no eixo do consumo. Com relação à perspectiva da promoção da saúde, o conjunto dos programas não demonstrou ações intersetoriais, que atuassem sobre os determinantes da saúde e da má alimentação ou que promovessem a autonomia, participação e empoderamento dos indivíduos. A maior parte deles apresentou características próprias de políticas de um Estado neoliberal: assistencialistas, com ações limitadas ao oferecimento de alimentos ou renda; focalização, com atendimento apenas à população mais excluída da sociedade e alguns, de execução terceirizada, aumentando o distanciamento 2 entre Estado e população. Conclui-se que o conjunto dos programas analisados não compõe uma política municipal de SAN promotora da saúde. Descritores: Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Promoção da Saúde, Política de alimentação e nutrição, Nutrição e Saúde PúblicaThe Food and Nutrition Security is the realization of the right of everyone to the regular and permanent access to quality food, in enough quantity, without compromising the access to other essential necessities, based on health-promoting food practices that respect the cultural diversity and that are socially, economically and environmentally sustainable. In recent years this issue has been highlighted in the national political scene, especially after its institutionalization through the ´Organic Law on Food and Nutrition Security ´ (LOSAN 11.346/06) which creates the System of Food and Nutrition Security. Considering the efforts to implement this system, nationally, and the proximity between the propositions of this field and the idea of Health Promotion, this study aimed to analyze a set of programs for food and nutrition security, developed in the city of São Paulo, from the perspective of Health Promotion, to check if it makes up a policy of Food and Nutrition Security health-promoting. The qualitative research, included analysis of documents related to programs and interviews, through semi-structured questionnaires, with those professionals responsible for these initiatives. It was found that the programs are distributed on all axles of Food and Nutritional Security (production, supply, food consumption and nutritional supplement programs and monitoring of food insecurity) with greater emphasis on the axis of consumption. Regarding the perspective of health promotion, all the programs did not demonstrate intersectoral action, which acted on the determinants of health and bad nutrition or that promote autonomy, participation and empowerment of individuals. Most of them had characteristics of a neoliberal State policies: welfare, with actions limited to the offering of food or income; focus with service only to the population most excluded from society and some, outsourced execution, increasing the distance between the State and population. We conclude that all the programs analyzed did not make up a municipal policy of Food and Nutritional Security health-promotin

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora