A review of angular leaf spot resistance in common bean.

Angular leaf spot (ALS), caused by Pseudocer-cospora griseola, is one of the most devastating diseases of common bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) in tropical and subtropical production areas. Breeding for ALS resistance is difficult due to the extensive virulence diversity of P. griseolaand the recurrent appearance of new virulent races. Five major loci, Phg-1 to Phg-5, confer-ring ALS resistance have been named, and markers tightly linked to these loci have been reported. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have also been described, but the validation of some QTLs is still pending. The Phg-1, Phg-4, and Phg-5loci are from common bean cultivars of the Andean gene pool, whereas Phg-2 and Phg-3are from beans of the Mesoamerican gene pool. The reference genome of common bean and high-throughput sequencing technologies are enabling the development of molecular markers closely linked to the Phg loci, more accurate mapping of the resistance loci, and the compar-ison of their genomic positions. The objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive review of ALS resistance in common bean. Further-more, we are reporting three case studies of ALS resistance breeding in Latin America and Africa. This review will serve as a reference for future resistance mapping studies and as a guide for the selection of resistance loci in breeding programs aiming to develop common bean cultivars with durable ALS resistance

Industrial trials for a more ecological chromium tanning

6th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems, ICAMS 2016 -- 20 October 2016 through 22 October 2016 -- 139798In leather production the chrome tanning method is the most widely used tanning system all over the world despite the storage and disposal of solid wastes and sludge containing high amounts of chromium poses a major challenge. For this reason many researches based on higher exhausting and lower chromium used technologies have emerged in the recent past. However, these technologies are not directly accepted by the industry due to risks and some possible changes in quality issues. Accordingly, in this project one of these approaches: chromium tanning without pickling process, using less chromium salts at higher initial pH is tried in pilot scale at a leading company in Turkish leather industry. The variables used in the research were; pre-tanning agents (aldehyde, sulphonyl chloride, and synthetic tanning agent), initial pH of tanning (5.0-5.5 and 6.0- 6.5) and tanning agents (standard basic chromium sulphate and commercial tanning agent with lower chromium oxide content). The wet-end processes and finishing processes of the leathers were applied according to the company's production line. Chromium content of the leathers and the Cr2O3 remaining in effluents were determined for each tanning application. Also, the physical properties of the leathers were investigated. The Cr2O3 of the leathers were found to be varying between 3.12-4.83% while the remaining chromium in the effluents was between 16.9 - 1347 mg/L. Additionally, the properties of the final leathers were evaluated comparatively with company's regular products, considering the test results and organoleptical evaluations it was concluded that many of them were comparable to conventional chromium tanned regular products. © 2016 Certex, INCDTP-ICPI