148 research outputs found
Climate change water resources impacts and uncertainties
Abstract unavailable please refer to PD
Key Factors to Promote Knowledge Sharing in Karachi Pharmaceutical Industry
The basic cause of this study is to investigate the key factors to promote knowledge sharing in Karachi Pharmaceutical Industry. Organizational employees are the main part for the effective performance of overall business and need to communicate proper information and knowledge from management as well as between employees to perform batter task and to maintain a level of satisfaction and it is possible through effective knowledge sharing system. Several published studies are available in this matter to highlight the importance of knowledge sharing with observing the different industries. To get done the goal of this study, a close ended type questionnaire by the approach of Likert scaling were prepared for the collection of data with sample size of about 110-130 from different national and multinational pharmaceutical companies of Karachi and contacted to the employees of lower to top management of head office staff, sales and production people having the qualification up to masters. The results are showing that main factors are Organizational Culture and Organizational Structure which are important to maintain the level of knowledge sharing thus helping organization to make improvement in this regard. This study is limited only to the Karachi pharmaceutical industry due to time and cost and recommended for further research in other cities of Pakistan with special reference to pharmaceutical industry for knowledge sharing. Key Words:Â Knowledge Sharing, Karachi Pharmaceutical Industry
Impact of Word of Mouth on Consumer Buying Decision
An objective of this research is to determine the word of mouth effects on consumers buying decision negative or positive. The collected data is primary and it is collected from different areas of Karachi city of Pakistan from students of colleges, universities and households. Sample size is one hundred. The collected information/and data is evaluated with the help Frequency Distribution and ranking (Statics Technique). In conclusion it is revealed that for purchasing mostly consumer trust on word of mouth. The respondents seem like to have an impact on consumers’ decision and close family, close friend, and other associates. More result shows two things can be the reason to create difficulties for the company such as a bitter experience of any product/service and any comments (word of mouth especially negative) because negative word of mouth or any negative comments about anything influence strongly than positive. Viral Marketing is getting very common in e-business especially for consumers and buyers. Keywords: Consumer buying decision, products/services, Pakistan, Viral Marketin
An Empirical Study for Achieving Economies of Scale by Utilization of (HHO) Hydrogen Hydroxy Gas as Additional Fuel
The scarcity of fossil fuel and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) has made every 2nd fuel user to think on some alternative resources, or at least devise some sort of technique to overcome the shortage of fuel during CNG holidays. Thus this study covers an overview of HHO gas production, principles behind the reactions and statistical examples, observations of many engineers and observers who determined to make a use of HHO as additional fuel source. Up to now studies reveals that it is possible to produce burnable vapors of HHO gas in result of hydrolysis of distilled water with combination of some electrolyte sodium or potassium hydro oxides. That Mixture is  generally called Hydrogen-Hydro oxide mixture (H-OH) can give 25%-28% efficiency to fuel combustion if used with fossil fuel. With thermodynamics advantages, by hydrolysis of steam and using different materials as electrode, using 1.3volt to 1.7volt at 0.4 A/cm² the total efficiency can be increased to 40-50% to enhance its utilization for industry use. But need to refine the misconceptions HHO gas is a standalone replacement of fossil fuel for a practical use in cars, scoters and other means of transport. This study suggest policy makers and entrepreneurs to take some supportive actions to promote HHO gas generators/ kits production because this is a low cost solution to cover the shortage of fossil fuel. Keywords: HHO, Hydrogen, Hydroxy, Brown gas, Fuel efficiency.
Methyl 2-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-nitroÂanilino)-3,5-dinitroÂphenÂyl]acetate
In the title compound, C15H10Cl2N4O8, the methylÂacetate and dichloroÂanilinic groups are oriented at dihedral angles of 57.73 (8) and 62.44 (4)°, respectively to the dinitro-sustituted benzene ring. S(5) and S(7) rings are formed due to intraÂmolecular N—H⋯Cl and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, respectively. In the crystal, N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molÂecules into C(8) chains along the a axis. Further C—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link these chains in pairs, forming a polymeric network
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY STATUS AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES AMONG ADULT POPULATION OF SOUTH PUNJAB
Despite well-appreciated benefits of physical activity (PA), a huge number ofpeople do not indulge in sufficient PA, which is a well-known risk factor of theleading non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, diabetes,hypertension, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The study aimed to assessPA status and its association with NCDs among adult population of southPunjab. The cross-sectional analytical study was conducted. A total of 385adults of both genders, and residents of South Punjab were enrolled by clusterrandom sampling. The total of 385 participants, majority of the cases werevery young (18 – 25) years and the median age was 24.0 years. The frequencyof males was three times higher than females (77.1 % vs. 22.9 %). HTN wasfound in 4.9 % participants, DM in 7.5 %, hypercholesterolemia in 6.0 %, andCVD in 3.1 %. The frequency of individuals reporting work related PA ofvigorous intensity was 22.9 %, work related PA of moderate intensity was 51.9%, leisure time PA of vigorous-intensity was 21.6 %, leisure time PA ofmoderate intensity was 46.5 %, and travel related PA was 70.9 %. Gendermale, urban residence, being married, no formal education, and beingemployed were significantly related with HTN. Similarly, being married,occupation homemaker, and travelling through personal car were significantlyrelated with DM. Differently gender male, rural residence, being married,higher education, occupation homemaker, and smoking were significantlyrelated with hypercholesterolemia. Furthermore, being married, occupationhomemaker, and traveling through personal bike were significantly relatedwith CVD. It was concluded that those having any kind of PA at work orduring sports or even using bicycle or walk as activity had minimum chancesof any NCDs like HTN, DM, CVD or hypercholesterolemia and beingphysically active also causes to avoid obesity, which is base for many NCDs
Quality of Underground Water of Tehsil Khanewal- An Overview
Agriculture is the back bone of Pakistan’s economy of Pakistan with 21 % contribution to GDP and providing livelihood to about 45 % of the total labor force of the country. The industry of Pakistan is mainly agro based (Economic survey of Pakistan, 2009-10). Due to change in climate and thereby extended drought, surface water resources of the country had reduced by 70% in 2003, compared with normal years (Kahlown et al., 2003). Unfortunately, canal water is not sufficient to meet requirements of soil and crop under intensive cropping system. A water quality study has shown that out of 560,000 tube wells in Indus Basin, about 70% are pumping sodic water which in turn is affecting the soil health and crop yield (Kahlown et al., 2003).The ground waters of different areas and depths have different types of salts which deteriorate the soil accordingly (Masood and Gohre, 2000). It is also reported that 73.38% (681) of the 922 water samples analyzed by the soil and water laboratory Vehari during the year 2006-07, were unfit for irrigation purpose, while 11.93% (110) were marginally fit and only14.21 (131) were found fit for irrigation purpose (Ashraf et al., 2008). According to the estimates, discharge of 50-60 % of the existing wells was brackish in nature (Ashraf et al., 2009) and still more formidable figures of Lahore district declaring that groundwater of 76.6% villages of the district was detrimental for crops and soil health (Ali et al., 2009).According to Shakir et al. (2002), 64 water samples were collected from new tube well bores from various locations of district Kasur to check the quality of under-groundwater for irrigation purpose. The results show that electrical conductivity of the samples varied from 524 to 5700 μS cm-1, sodium adsorption ration of the samples ranged from 0.49 to 26.00, while residual sodium carbonate ranged from 0.00 to 17.00 meL-1. Out of 64 samples, 26 samples were fit, 8 marginally fit and 30 unfit for irrigation.The successful crop production on sustainable basis, mainly depends on the quality of groundwater. The common characteristics considered are electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption rations (SAR) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) (Idris and Shafiq, 1999). The concentration and composition of dissolved constituents in water determine its quality for irrigation use. It is difficult to define the critical limits of EC, RSC and SAR because the effect of different qualities of water of soil health and crop yield is also governed by the type of soil, climate and management practices (Singh et al., 1992).Gravity of the situation of groundwater of the majority districts of Pakistan implies that something will have to be done without further loss of time to prevent the rapid conversion of productive fertile lands of Pakistan into unproductive barren lands. Besides, making investment on creating awareness among farming community about bio-saline technology/ saline agriculture by the private and public sectors, a watchful eye on the quality and quantity of ground water of every district of Pakistan by all the stakeholders and timely tackling the detrimental impact of brackish groundwater by using the available technology to the possible extent is imperative
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