Multidrug resistance of non-adherent cancer cells

Metastases are the cause of 90% of human cancer deaths. Cancer in _situ_ can usually be effectively removed by surgery. Once cancer cells disseminate from the original site and start to circulate in blood, lymph, or other body fluids, the disease becomes almost incurable. Here we show that cancer cells in a non-adherent, 3-dimentional growth pattern are highly drug resistant compared to their adherent counterparts that grow in monolayer, attaching to the wall of tissue culture plates. The non-adherent cancer cells retain the adhering potential and can attach to an appropriate surface to reacquire adherent phenotype. Once the non-adherent cancer cells become attached, they regain drug response, similar to the original adherent cells. A significant increase in the expression of CD133, CD44, Nanog, survivin, and thymidylate synthase was observed in the non-adherent cancer cells compared to their adherent counterparts, which may underlie the mechanisms of multidrug resistance of the cells. Since the non-adherent cancer cells cultured in vitro resemble the circulating metastatic cells in vivo in that both cells exhibit suspended non-adherent phenotype, possess re-attaching potential, and are highly drug resistant, we suggest that circulating metastatic cells can attach to an appropriate surface to gain adherent phenotype and subsequently acquire drug sensitivity. We propose that devices coated with cell attachment materials or small particles of extracellular matrix and collagen that mimic the structural framework of real human tissues to which cells can attach and grow may be able to stabilize the circulating metastatic cells. Once the metastatic cells undergo attachment and become adherent, they gain drug sensitivity and can be killed by anticancer drugs that are either administered to the blood or conjugated to the devices

Efficiency and performance of some algorithms in mathematical programming

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1996.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-40).by Navneet Singh.M.Eng

A STUDY OF YO-YO INTERMITTENT RECOVERY TEST LEVEL 1 (YYIRTL1) BETWEEN INDIAN AND BANGLADESH WOMEN CRICKETERS

The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery (IR) Test is currently used to assess endurance performance in women cricketers. The purpose of present study was to assess the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIRTL1) between Punjab women cricketers, India and Dhaka women cricketers, Bangladesh. The present study was conducted on 30 women Cricketers. Keeping in view the objectives, the players were categorized into two groups: Punjab women cricketers, India (N1=15) and Dhaka women cricketers, Bangladesh (N2=15). The age of subjects ranged between 18 to 25 years. The difference in the mean of each group for selected variable was tested by “t” test. The level of significance was set at 0.05. It is concluded from the above findings that significant differences were found among Punjab women cricketers, India and Dhaka women cricketers, Bangladesh for Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1(YYIRTL1). The result indicated that the difference between Punjab women cricketers, India and Dhaka women cricketers, Bangladesh for Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 are significant.  Article visualizations

AN INVESTIGATIONAL STUDY ON EFFECT OF 12-WEEK YOGIC PRACTICES ON HEMATOLOGICAL VARIABLES OF WOMEN

The purpose of present study was to assess the effect of 12-week yogic practices on hematological variables of women cricketers. The present study was conducted on 120 women Cricketers of Northern region of India. Keeping in view the objectives, the players were categorized into two main groups: Group A: Experimental group (N1=60) and Group B: Control group (N2=60). The age of subjects ranged between 18 to 25 years. The purposive sampling technique was used to attain the objectives of the study. All the subjects, after having been informed about the objective and protocol of the study, gave their consent and volunteered to participate in this study. The difference in the mean of each group for selected variable was tested by “t” test. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Analysis of data revealed that with regard to Hemoglobin the “t” -value in case of experimental group was 0.3811 and for Control group it was 0.2363 was found statistically insignificant. It is evident that women cricketers with regards Total Cholesterol the “t”-value in case of experimental group was 0.8162 and for control group it was 0.4924 was found statistically insignificant.  Article visualizations

Economic analysis of application of phosphorus, single and dual inoculation of Rhizobium and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus)

This study investigates the economic returns of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) by the use of phosphorus and biofertilizers [Rhizobium and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)] in Indian Punjab. The field experiments were conducted during Rabi 2013-14 and 2014-15 with combinations of four levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 30 and 40 kg P2O5 ha-1) and two/four biofertilizer treatments [uninoculated control and Rhizobium (LLR 12) + PGPR (RB 2)] in 2013-14, and uninoculated control, Rhizobium, PGPR and Rhizobium + PGPR in 2014-15) by replicating thrice. The use of 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 provided the highest gross returns whereas net returns and B:C were highest at 30 kg P2O5 ha-1. The combination of Rhizobium + PGPR + 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 provided the highest gross returns (Rs. 45902) whereas Rhizobium + PGPR+ 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 provided the highest net returns (Rs 20620). Furthermore, the integrated use of Rhizobium + PGPR + 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 provided higher net returns (Rs 20620) and B:C (1.88) as compared to sole application of 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 (Rs 18792 and 1.72). Thus, there was a net saving of 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 with the use of Rhizobium + PGPR inoculation without sacrificing the economics returns

A Budget-constrained Time and Reliability Optimization BAT Algorithm for Scheduling Workflow Applications in Clouds

AbstractEffective scheduling is one of the key concerns while executing workflows in the cloud environment. Workflow scheduling in clouds refers to the mapping of workflow tasks to the cloud resources to optimize some objective function. In this paper, we apply a recently developed meta-heuristic method called the BAT algorithm to solve the multi-objective problem of workflow scheduling in clouds that minimizes the execution time and maximizes the reliability by keeping the budget within user specified limit. Comparison of the results is made with basic, randomized, evolutionary algorithm (BREA) that uses greedy approach to allocate resources to the workflow tasks on the basis of low cost, high reliability and improved execution time machines. It is clear from the experimental results that the BAT algorithm performs better than the basic randomized evolutionary algorithm

Effect of Mesorhizobium, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and phosphorus on plant biometery and growth indices of desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The field experiment was conducted during 2015-16 to study the effect of biofetilizer inoculation [control, Mesorhizobium only, Mesorhizobium + RB-1 (Pseudomonas argentinensis) and Mesorhizobium + RB-2 (Bacillus aryabhattai)] and four levels of phosphorus (0, 15, 20 and 25 kg P2O5 ha-1) on chickpea growth. RB-1 and RB-2 were the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Biofertilizers could play a crucial role in reducing the dependence on chemical fertilizers by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen for crop and/or by increasing the availability of phosphorus and phytohormones to the crop. The 16 treatment combinations were laid out in Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design and replicated three times. In biofertilizer treatments, Mesorhizobium + RB-1 proved superior over control and sole inoculation of Mesorhizobium and at par with Mesorhizobium + RB-2 with respect to plant height (cm), number of branches (plant-1), shoot and root dry matter (kg ha-1) which were recorded at 30, 60 90, 120 days after sowing (DAS) and at harvest. Application of 25 kg P2O5 ha-1 gave the highest values of all the growth at-tributes viz. plant height (60 cm), number of primary (5.3) and secondary (27.2) branches per plant, shoot dry matter (4000 kg ha-1) and root dry matter (354 kg ha-1) which were significantly higher than that of 0 and 15 kg P2O5 ha-1 and at par with 20 kg P2O5 ha-1. Similar results were observed in case of crop growth rate (CGR) whereas relative growth rate (RGR) was not influenced significantly by various biofertilizer and phosphorus treatments. The dual inoc-ulation with PGPR strains along with phosphorus application have a supplementary effect on the growth of chickpea