THE MEDIATING ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT BETWEEN PAY SATISFACTION AND ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR: A STUDY OF PAY DISPERSION IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN

This study has a two-fold, to find out pay disparity among the federal government employees and to examine the justification of such disparity if exist. Furthermore, the study indented to investigate the impact of pay satisfaction (PS) on organizational citizenship behavior (OCBs with mediating role of Organizational commitment (OC). Documented analysis of pay slips were conducted to analyzed the level of pay variation considering the gross pay of the employees at federal level in the same pay scale. Actual pay slips of 90 employees were analyzed for this purpose, where significant pay differences were noted by equally place (BPS) employees in same scale. Moreover, 22 participants participated through semi structure interview to provide information regarding such pay disparity. For achieving the second purpose of the study, a conceptual model was drawn connecting PS and OCB with OC as mediating variable. To test the conceptual model, structured questionnaires were used to collect the data from the employees of public sector organizations. Total 251 respondents of eight public sector organizations participated in the study. During analysis of the data, it was observed that PS positively effects OCBs. Moreover, the results also revealed that this relationship is mediated by OC. These findings point out that when there is pay disparity, there will displeasure among the employees. Further, PS significantly affects employees’ OCBs, and OC. The study advocated that a consistent pay structure will improve employees’ OCBs, and OC which ultimately improve organizational performance

Interest Rates, Government and Private Investments and Pakistan Economy: An Analysis of Three Decades

The paper investigates the relationship between interest rates and private investment with the economic growth in Pakistan. One of the primary plans of economic policies is to increase investment that is important for better economic performance .using time series analysis and annual data from 1980 - 2010. The structural equation model is used to find out the relations of the variables in the model with help of the regression equations. The empirical results indicate that private investment, government expenditures and labor force have significant positive effect on gross domestic product but foreign direct investment has negative and statistically significant relation with gross domestic product. There also exists a unique long-run relationship between economic growth and its determinants, including interest rate. The results imply that the behavior of interest rate is important for economic growth in view of the relationships between interest rates and investment and investment and growth. Private investment, government expenditure and foreign direct investment first individually estimated than used the estimated values in main equation of the study. Keywords: Gross domestic product, interest rate, private investment

THE MEDIATING ROLE OF INNOVATIVE WORK BEHAVIOR BETWEEN PROACTIVE PERSONALITY AND EMPLOYEE’S CREATIVITY

Studies suggest that employees need to be proactive and creative, since these behaviors are important for performing the job. Research studies of proactivity, creativity and their antecedents contrasted each other in developed and in developing countries. This study has explored the mediating role of innovative work behavior among proactive personality and creativity in public sector hospitals of Peshawar city. To test the hypotheses, grounded study was conducted with the sample of 190 doctors. The data confirmed a positive relationship between proactive personality and creativity and indicated a significant relationship with innovative work behavior. In addition, the results show that innovative work behavior does not mediate the relationship. The study has discussed suggestions based on findings for improving innovative work behavior for better performance and recommended that organizations should create working environment for innovative work behavior

Community mental health services: a way forward to rehabilitate chronic mentally ill client.

Schizophrenia and other mental illnesses produce devastating effects on a clients\u27 personal and psychosocial wellbeing. Besides the sufferer, it has irrevocable impacts on the lives of their loved ones. With advancement in the treatment modalities, researches have proven that hospital based care and psychotropic drugs are not the sole solution in managing the client symptoms. Deinstitutionalization is the paradigm shift from hospital based to community based care model that allows client/s to spend rest of their lives in the community setting. A well-structured community care based programme that focuses on psychosocial interventions has significant contribution in treatment and rehabilitation of client/s. This article is aimed to provide the evidence of the effective use of community mental health care for management and prevention of relapse of a client with chronic schizophrenia. The substantial evidence of rehabilitation is represented through this case study of a chronic schizophrenic client who received these psychosocial interventions in his own community setting

Hypothesis and conceptual framework development of cross cultural training and perceived success of expatriates

Rising trends of globalization in economic, managerial and social arenas have resulted in interpersonal contacts across the cultures. Multinational companies are increasingly focusing on trainings of their employees for improvement of performance. This research is based on the practical idea and literature review about the success of employees who are deputed for overseas assignments.Various factors related to the success or failures of expatriates have been explored in this study and one of the important aspects "cross cultural training" has been focused to find its impact on success of expatriates. This study encompasses the definition of cross cultural training ranging to its importance and effects. Substantial investment pertaining to foreign subsidiaries fashions the management to expect for the high returns, on the other hand, failure of expatriates adds significantly in failure of companies in deed.Proper cross cultural training of employees help them to shun the cultural shock and difficulties in adjustment abroad. For completion of this research, a very comprehensive questionnaire was designed basing on theoretical framework and a case study of expatriates of National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) of Pakistan was carried out. Study found that there are multi-faceted uses of cross cultural training and it is one of the major sources to reduce cultural shock and pre-mature return of the employees.The research is not only useful for NADRA and Government Sector of Pakistan rather through conceptual work it is universally constructive for developing a general idea about cross cultural training and its impact on success of expatriates. This research specifically covered all related areas of expatriates of studied organization and findings have been discussed in order to grasp the relevant sides of topic by controlling rest of variables for getting potentially reliable results

Peripheral Vascular Disease “A Spectrum”

Background: To observe the spectrum of peripheralvascular disease presenting in a tertiary care hospital.Method: This observational, descriptive study wascarried out in Surgical Unit –I at Holy Family Hospital,Rawalpindi over a period of two years. All the patientspresenting with peripheral vascular disorders excludingacute vascular trauma patients, diabetics and varicoseveins patients were included in the study.Results: A total of 49 patients presented to the hospital.The male to female ratio was 2:1.The average age ofpresentation was 50.2 years. About 35% patients presentedwith occlusive disease, 18% with autoimmune disease and14% with embolism. The less common causes of peripheralvascular disorders included femoral pseudoaneurysms in8% patients and true aneurysms of iliac, popliteal andsubclavian arteries in 12% patients. Bilateral gangrene ofboth lower limbs was seen in 4% patients.Conclusion: Peripheral vascular disease is commonerin males and is mostly seen in the sixth decade of life.Atherosclerotic occlusive disease is the commonest causeof peripheral vascular disease followed by vasculitis,embolisms and aneurysms

Corporate Governance and Return on Equity Evidence from Pakistan Stock Exchange

The main purpose of this paper is to study whether corporate governance aspects like board size, audit committee and board composition affect the return on equity (performance) of companies listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange. The data were gathered by purposive sampling techniques from the Balance Sheet Analysis report available on the State Bank of Pakistan website and relevant companies’ websites. A regression model was incorporated to measure the available data for a sample of 50 firms, with a total of 150 years of observations for a period of 2013 -2015. The empirical results indicate that board size, audit committee and board composition are positively associated to return on equity. The result of this study suggests that each organization needs to develop good corporate practices to significantly improve the shareholder wealth in the form of return on equity.  The selected sample is taken from non-financial firms with a small sample size, therefore, in future for more generalizability of the results a study may be undertaken to consider financial and non- financial firms with a large sample size

Improving Organizational Performance Through HRM-line Partnership: A Case of Higher Education Sector of Pakistan

In todays’ knowledge economy, the organizations focus on creating value through their most valuable resources i.e. human resource. For an effective management of human capital, a healthy partnership between HRM function and the line managers (heads of other departments/sections) is essential. Such type of partnership can augment the strategic success at different levels of organization. The main focus of this study is to evaluate how the partnership of line managers and HR managers in managing different HRM activities help a firm to achieve competitive advantage. The data was collected through the departments/section heads of public sector universities of Pakistan. The results indicate that when line managers actively participate in managing the HRM function of an organization, it yielded improved organizational outcomes. Therefore, the results of this study have an important implication for the managers of higher education institutes to devise mechanism to involve the line managers in managing HRM activities and thereby achieve higher performance outcomes in higher education sector of Pakistan

Knowledge Sharing Culture Influences on Organizational Commitment: The Mediating Role of Pay Satisfaction

Public sector universities are preliminary knowledge intensive and to stunt their information effective knowledge sharing among faculty is required. We focus on the faculty of public sector universities that share or limit knowledge sharing. Determining which factors promote, influence or impede sharing of knowledge in institutions constitute important avenues for exploration. This paper has focused on three such influences; “knowledge sharing” “organizational commitment” and “pay satisfaction”. In this regard, a conceptual model is developed in which pay satisfaction serves as mediator between knowledge sharing (KS) and organizational commitment (OC) among faculty members. Data determining the above mentioned variables is collected from 309 faculty members through standardized questionnaires. Data analysis reveals that KS has positive impact on OC and on Pay Satisfaction (PS). Furthermore, pay satisfaction mediates the relationship between KS and OC. This study recommends a KS culture and pay satisfaction of faculty to maintain and enhance level of commitment among faculty. As KS enable better and faster decision making, reduces the loss of know-how, enhances level of commitment and stimulate innovation and growth

Combined application of inorganic and organic phosphorous with inoculation of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria improved productivity, grain quality and net economic returns of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.)

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.) is a climate-smart cereal crop for environments prone to drought and heat stresses. Pearl millet is cultivated in Pakistan on marginal soils with phosphorus (P) deficiency, which significantly decreases its productivity. Moreover, P fixation in the country’s calcareous soils is another major constraint which requires attention. P solubilizing bacteria (PSB) have the potential to improve P availability in the soil. However, the potential of PSB in improving P availability in soil and pearl millet yield has been rarely tested in Pakistan. Therefore, this 2-year field study explored the role of combined application of organic and inorganic P sources along with PSB (i.e., Bacillus sp. MN54) inoculation to improve yield-related traits, P use efficiency (PUE), net economic returns and grain quality of pearl millet grown under semi-arid climatic conditions. Phosphorus was applied through inorganic sources, organic sources (farmyard manure) and 50% inorganic sources + 50% organic sources with or without PSB inoculation. In control treatment, pearl millet was grown without P application. The individual and combined application of P from different sources and PSB inoculation significantly improved yield-related traits and PUE of pearl millet. The highest grain yield was observed with combined (50% inorganic + 50% organic) application of P with PSB inoculation. The same treatments resulted in higher iron, zinc, protein and P contents in the grains during both years. Likewise, P application through organic and inorganic sources combined with PSB inoculation improved soil bulk density, fertility and microbial population during both years. The highest economic returns and benefit–cost ratio was recorded for combined P application (50% inorganic + 50% organic) and PSB inoculation. In crux, the combined application of organic and inorganic P fertilizers along with PSB (Bacillus sp. MN54) inoculation seemed a feasible approach to enhance productivity, grain quality and net economic returns of pearl millet. Therefore, it is recommended that P should be applied through both organic and inorganic sources combined with PSB inoculation to improve P availability and productivity of pearl millet in Pakistan. The current study has explored the potential of combined P application through organic and inorganic sources along with PSB inoculation. Future studies should focus on the determination of mobilized P with the application of PSB