414 research outputs found
Effect of low-and non-calorie sweeteners on the gut microbiota: A review of clinical trials and cross-sectional studies
Use of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) has increased worldwide in recent decades. However, evidence from
preclinical studies shows that sweetener consumption may induce glucose intolerance through changes in
the gut microbiota, which raises public health concerns. As studies conducted on humans are lacking, the
aim of this review was to gather and summarize the current evidence on the effects of NNSs on human gut
microbiota. Only clinical trials and cross-sectional studies were included in the review. Regarding NNSs (i.e,
saccharin, sucralose, aspartame, and stevia), only two of five clinical trials showed significant changes in gut
microbiota composition after the intervention protocol. These studies concluded that saccharin and sucralose
impair glycemic tolerance. In three of the four cross-sectional studies an association between NNSs and the
microbial composition was observed. All three clinical trials on polyols (i.e, xylitol) showed prebiotic effects
on gut microbiota, but these studies had multiple limitations (publication date, dosage, duration) that jeopardize their validity. The microbial response to NNSs consumption could be strongly mediated by the gut
microbial composition at baseline. Further studies in which the potential personalized microbial response to
NNSs consumption is acknowledged, and that include longer intervention protocols, larger cohorts, and
more realistic sweetener dosage are needed to broaden these findings
Reduction in cardiovascular risk by sodium-bicarbonated mineral water in moderately hypercholesterolemic young adults.
Effects of drinking a sodium bicarbonated mineral water on cardiovascular risk in young men
and women with moderate cardiovascular risk were studied. Eighteen young volunteers, total
cholesterol levels >5.2 mmol/L without any disease participated. The study consisted in two
8-week intervention periods. Subjects consumed, as a supplement of their usual diet, 1 L/d of
a control low mineral water followed by 1 L/d of the bicarbonated mineral water (mmol/L:
sodium, 48; bicarbonate, 35; and chloride, 17). Determinations were performed at the end of
the control water period and weeks 4 and 8 of the bicarbonated water period. Body weight,
BMI, blood pressure, dietary intake, total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol,
Apo A-I, Apo B, triacylgycerols, glucose, insulin, adiponectin, high sensitivity-C reactive
protein (hs-CRP), soluble adhesion molecules (sICAM and sVCAM), sodium and chloride
urinary excretion, and urine pH were measured. Dietary intake, body weight and BMI showed
no significant variations. Systolic blood pressure decreased significantly after 4 weeks of
bicarbonated water consumption without significant differences between the weeks 4 and 8.
Significant reductions were observed after bicarbonated water consumption of total
cholesterol (by 6.3%, p=0.012), LDL-cholesterol (by 10% p=0.001), total/HDL-cholesterol
(p=0.004), LDL/HDL-cholesterol (p=0.001), and Apo B (p=0.017). Serum triacylglycerols,
Apo A-I, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and hs-CRP levels did not change. Serum glucose values
tended to decrease during the bicarbonated water intervention (p=0.056) but insulin levels did
not vary. This sodium bicarbonated mineral water improves lipid profile in moderately
hypercholesterolemic young men and women and could therefore be applied in dietary
interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk
Chronologically scheduled snacking with high-protein products within the habitual diet in type-2 diabetes patients leads to a fat mass loss: a longitudinal study.
Background: Obesity is the most relevant overnutrition disease worldwide and is associated to different metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes. Low glycemic load foods and diets and moderately high protein intake have been shown to reduce body weight and fat mass, exerting also beneficial effects on LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride concentrations, postprandial glucose curve and HDL-cholesterol levels. The present study aimed at studying the potential functionality of a series of low glycemic index products with moderately high protein content, as possible coadjuvants in the control of type-2 diabetes and weight management following a chronologically planned snacking offer (morning and afternoon).
Methods: The current trial followed a single group, sequential, longitudinal design, with two consecutive periods of 4 weeks each. A total of 17 volunteers participated in the study. The first period was a free living period, with volunteers' habitual ad libitum dietary pattern, while the second period was a free-living period with structured meal replacements at breakfast, morning snack and afternoon snack, which were exchanged by specific products with moderately high protein content and controlled low glycemic index, following a scheduled temporal consumption. Blood extractions were performed at the beginning and at the end of each period (free-living and intervention). Parameters analysed were: fasting glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, total-, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, C - reactive protein and Homocysteine concentrations. Postprandial glucose and insulin were also measured. Anthropometrical parameters were monitored each 2 weeks during the whole study.
Results: A modest but significant (p = 0.002) reduction on body weight (1 kg) was observed during the intervention period, mainly due to the fat mass loss (0.8 kg, p = 0.02). This weight reduction was observed without apparently associated changes in total energy intake. None of the biochemical biomarkers measured was altered throughout the whole study.
Conclusions: Small changes in the habitual dietary recommendations in type-2 diabetes patients by the inclusion of specific low-glycemic, moderately high-protein products in breakfast, morning and afternoon snacks may promote body weight and fat-mass loss, without apparently altering biochemical parameters and cardiovascular risk-related factors
Development and validation of a new methodological platform to measure behavioral, cognitive, and physiological responses to food interventions in real time
To fully understand the causes and mechanisms involved in overeating and obesity, measures of both cognitive and physiological determinants of eating behavior need to be integrated. Effectively synchronizing behavioral measures such as meal micro-structure (e.g., eating speed), cognitive processing of sensory stimuli, and metabolic parameters, can be complex. However, this step is central to understanding the impact of food interventions on body weight. In this paper, we provide an overview of the existing gaps in eating behavior research and describe the development and validation of a new methodological platform to address some of these issues. As part of a controlled trial, 76 men and women self-served and consumed food from a buffet, using a portion-control plate with visual stimuli for appropriate amounts of main food groups, or a conventional plate, on two different days, in a random order. In both sessions participants completed behavioral and cognitive tests using a novel methodological platform that measured gaze movement (as a proxy for visual attention), eating rate and bite size, memory for portion sizes, subjective appetite and portion-size perceptions. In a sub-sample of women, hormonal secretion in response to the meal was also measured. The novel platform showed a significant improvement in meal micro-structure measures from published data (13 vs. 33% failure rate) and high comparability between an automated gaze mapping protocol vs. manual coding for eye-tracking studies involving an eating test (ICC between methods 0.85; 90% CI 0.74, 0.92). This trial was registered at Clinical Trials.gov with Identifier NCT03610776
A regular curd consumption improves gastrointestinal status assessed by a randomized controlled nutritional intervention
This study evaluated the influence of curd consumption (a dairy product in which most whey proteins are discarded) on nutritional status markers and on gastrointestinal symptoms through an open-label randomized nutritional intervention. A total of 20 males and 20 females were involved in the study. Body weight and plasma levels of different health markers were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Gastrointestinal symptoms and satiety were assessed by self-reported subjective questionnaires. There were neither relevant changes in body weight and composition, nor in all screened plasma determinations after the intervention. Satiety score analyses revealed no differences between the two experimental groups. The regular consumption of curd-improved abdominal pain (19%) and deposition scores (16%) when compared with those participants non-consuming curd, which may indicate a better tolerability of this product. Curd intake within a balanced diet improved some subjective markers of gastrointestinal status, which may be explained by the nutritional composition of curds
Association between sleep duration and dietary patterns among finnish pre-schoolers
According to the results obtained in the present study, it could be concluded that:
1. Sleep length during the whole week, during the weekdays and weekend is
inversely associated with a sweet dietary pattern consumption. On the other hand,
sleep length both during the whole week and the weekdays is positively associated
with a higher intake of healthy foods.
2. Girls tend to have a higher consumption of sweet foods the less they sleep, during
the weekdays and the whole week. Whereas in general they are more likely to
follow a healthy dietary pattern the longer the sleeping hours. Such associations
do not seem to be present among boys.
3. There do not seem to exist differences between sleep length and dietary patterns
when considering different socio-economic backgrounds among children from
pre-schools in Finland.
However, the literature research and the obtained results highlight the fact that,
when talking together about sleep and diet, we are still on a narrow piece of terra ferma
in a wide sea of the unknown
Development and validation of a new methodological platform to measure behavioral, cognitive, and physiological responses to food interventions in real time
To fully understand the causes and mechanisms involved in overeating and obesity, measures of both cognitive and physiological determinants of eating behavior need to be integrated. Effectively synchronizing behavioral measures such as meal micro-structure (e.g., eating speed), cognitive processing of sensory stimuli, and metabolic parameters, can be complex. However, this step is central to understanding the impact of food interventions on body weight. In this paper, we provide an overview of the existing gaps in eating behavior research and describe the development and validation of a new methodological platform to address some of these issues. As part of a controlled trial, 76 men and women self-served and consumed food from a buffet, using a portion-control plate with visual stimuli for appropriate amounts of main food groups, or a conventional plate, on two different days, in a random order. In both sessions participants completed behavioral and cognitive tests using a novel methodological platform that measured gaze movement (as a proxy for visual attention), eating rate and bite size, memory for portion sizes, subjective appetite and portion-size perceptions. In a sub-sample of women, hormonal secretion in response to the meal was also measured. The novel platform showed a significant improvement in meal micro-structure measures from published data (13 vs. 33% failure rate) and high comparability between an automated gaze mapping protocol vs. manual coding for eye-tracking studies involving an eating test (ICC between methods 0.85; 90% CI 0.74, 0.92). This trial was registered at Clinical Trials.gov with Identifier NCT03610776. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.3758/s13428-021-01745-9
Different postprandial acute response in healthy subjects to three strawberry jams varying in carbohydrate and antioxidant content: a randomized, crossover trial
PURPOSE:
Dietary food composition influences postprandial glucose homeostasis. Thus, the objective was to investigate the effects of an acute intake of three different types of strawberry jam, differing in carbohydrate and antioxidants content, on postprandial glucose metabolism, lipid profile, antioxidant status, and satiety.
METHODS:
Sixteen healthy adults participated in a randomized, crossover, double-blind study with three arms, receiving 60 g of three different strawberry jams. Blood samples were collected at fasting and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after its intake. Blood analyses were performed with validated procedures and satiety was estimated with visual analogue scale (VAS).
RESULTS:
Blood glucose concentrations were maintained at normal values and without peaks within the 2 h after consumption of low-sugar jams. However, blood glucose and insulin were significantly higher at 30 and 60 min after high-sugar (HS) jam intake versus both low-sugar jams. Furthermore, HS jam produced more satisfaction at short time, but decreased as soon as blood glucose concentration began to decrease. Moreover, HS ingestion produced lower free fatty acid levels (p < 0.05) throughout the trial with respect both the low-sugar jams. However, no additional benefits on oxidative status (malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity, and uric acid), glucose, lipid, and satiety variables were observed due to the inclusion of an antioxidant to low-sugar jam.
CONCLUSIONS:
This study reinforces the idea that products without added sugars are appropriate for the management of glycemic alterations and provides further insight into the effect of natural antioxidants as a functional ingredient on oxidative status and related metabolic disturbances
Oxidized LDL levels decreases after the consumption of ready-to-eat meals supplemented with cocoa extract within a hypocaloric diet
Background and aims
Cocoa flavanols are recognised by their favourable antioxidant and vascular effects. This study investigates the influence on health of the daily consumption of ready-to-eat meals supplemented with cocoa extract within a hypocaloric diet, on middle-aged overweight/obese subjects.
Methods and results
Fifty healthy male and female middle-aged volunteers [57.26 ± 5.24 years and body mass index (BMI) 30.59 ± 2.33 kg/m2] were recruited to participate in a 4 week randomised, parallel and double-blind study. After following 3 days on a low-polyphenol diet, 25 volunteers received meals supplemented with 1.4 g of cocoa extract (645.3 mg of polyphenols) and the other 25 participants received control meals, within a 15% energy restriction diet. On the 4th week of intervention individuals in both dietary groups improved (p < 0.05) anthropometric, body composition, blood pressure and blood biochemical measurements. Oxidised LDL cholesterol (oxLDL), showed a higher reduction (p = 0.030) in the cocoa group. Moreover, myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels decreased only in the cocoa supplemented group (p = 0.007). Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (sICAM-1) decreased significantly in both groups, while Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) did not present differences after the 4 weeks of intervention. Interestingly, cocoa intake showed a different effect by gender, presenting more beneficial effects in men.
Conclusions
The consumption of cocoa extract as part of ready-to-eat meals and within a hypocaloric diet improved oxidative status (oxLDL) in middle-aged subjects, being most remarkable in males
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