Octamethoxydibenzochrysene: Isolation and X-ray Crystallographic Characterization of a Twisted Polyaromatic Cation Radical

The isolation and X-ray crystal structure determination of octamethoxydibenzochrysene (3) cation radical together with DFT calculations allow us to delineate evidence that the complex structural changes (i.e. elongation and shortening of various bonds) in a polyaromatic hydrocarbon can be predicted based on the positioning of the largest bonding and antibonding character of the HOMO

Design, Synthesis and Study of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and their Cation Radicals

The unifying theme of most of optoelectronic devices revolves around the charge carrier mobility of the organic materials used in the conductive layers, which is a measure of how easily the electron/hole moves in a particular pi conjugated organic material. When pi conjugated materials are incorporated in these devices, molecules are generally layered in random orientation. Consequently, the efficiency of charge transport in the conducting layers of these devices is governed not only by the intramolecular electron/hole transport through the backbone of the molecule but also by the intermolecular electron/hole transport between the molecules and hence packing of these molecules plays a critical role in the efficiency of these devices. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the charge transport mechanisms in various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the usefulness of such materials in functional devices remains limited; hence design and synthesis of new PAHs to better understand the charge transport mechanisms remains an active area of research. A novel series of methoxydibenzochrysenes was designed and synthesized utilizing ferric chloride mediated oxidative cyclodehydrogenation as a key step. We have also shown that numerous 9,10-diarylphenanthrenes and dibenzo[g,p]chrysenes can be prepared from a readily available tetraarylethylenes using 1 and 2 equivalents of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ), respectively. A similar oxidative cyclodehydrogenation strategy was used for synthesizing a highly soluble, larger derivative of hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC), where twelve carbon-carbon bonds are formed in a single step. Deployment of fluorenes at the periphery of the HBC core not only imparts solubility to the structure, but also allows the new PAHs to be functionalized further to make bigger PAHs. X-ray crystal structure determination of octamethoxydibenzochrysene cation radical and 1,4,5,8-tetramethoxyanthracene dimer cation radical, in addition to their neutral structures, allowed us to delineate the effect of electron removal on their bond length changes. Definitive X-ray crystallographic evidence is obtained for a single hole to be uniformly distributed on the three equivalent 1,2-dimethoxybenzenoid (or veratrole) rings in the hexamethoxytriptycene cation radical. This conclusion is further supported by electrochemical analysis and by the observation of an intense near-IR transition in its electronic spectrum, as well as by comparison of the spectral and electrochemical characteristics with the model compounds containing one and two dimethoxybenzene rings. A new class of intervalance cation radicals from p-diaryloxybenzenes was also studied

Development of an adaptive fuzzy logic controller for HVAC system

An adaptive approach to control a cooling coil chilled water valve operation, called adaptive fuzzy logic control (AFLC), is developed and validated in this study. The AFLC calculates the error between the supply air temperature and supply air temperature set point for air in an air handling unit (AHU) of a heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system and determines optimal fuzzy rule matrix to minimize the hydronic energy consumption while maintaining occupant comfort. The AFLC uses genetic algorithms and evolutionary strategies to determine the fuzzy rule matrix and fuzzy membership functions for an AHU in HVAC systems;Cooling coil models are developed using neural network, general regression neural network and lump capacitance methods to predict the supply air temperature. These models helped with the development of the adaptive fuzzy logic controller;Two types of validation experiments were conducted, one with cyclically changing supply air temperatures and the second with cyclically changing supply air flow rates. Experiments conducted on two identical real HVAC systems were used to compare the performances of the AFLC to a conventional proportional, integral and derivative (PID) controller. To remove bias between the testing systems, the controllers were switched from one system to the other;The validation experiments indicate that the HVAC system operated under the AFLC consumes 1 to 7 % less hydronic energy when compared with a conventional PID controlled system. More actuator travel distance was observed when using the AFLC. The AFLC maintained better occupant comfort conditions when compared with the conventional PID controller. It was observed that the controlled variable for the AFLC system required 0 to 185% more rise time, had 9 to 68% less overshoot and required 11 to 45% less settling time as compared to the conventional PID controlled system

FHBC, a Hexa‐\u3cem\u3eperi\u3c/em\u3e‐hexabenzocoronene–Fluorene Hybrid: A Platform for Highly Soluble, Easily Functionalizable HBCs with an Expanded Graphitic Core

Materials based upon hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronenes (HBCs) show significant promise in a variety of photovoltaic applications. There remains the need, however, for a soluble, versatile, HBC‐based platform, which can be tailored by incorporation of electroactive groups or groups that can prompt self‐assembly. The synthesis of a HBC–fluorene hybrid is presented that contains an expanded graphitic core that is highly soluble, resists aggregation, and can be readily functionalized at its vertices. This new HBC platform can be tailored to incorporate six electroactive groups at its vertices, as exemplified by a facile synthesis of a representative hexaaryl derivative of FHBC. Synthesis of new FHBC derivatives, containing electroactive functional groups that can allow controlled self‐assembly, may serve as potential long‐range charge‐transfer materials for photovoltaic applications

Performance Evaluation of Fuzzy based Congestion Control for TCP/IP Networks

It by and large acknowledged that the trouble of system congestion control stays a basic issue and a high need, particularly given the developing size, request, and speed (transfer speed) of the inexorably coordinated administrations systems. In spite of the examination endeavors spreading over several decades and accordingly the sizable measure of different plans proposed, there are no generally worthy control arrangements. Current arrangements in existing systems are progressively getting insufficient, and it's commonly acknowledged that these arrangements can only with significant effort extent even with different proposed "fixes". In this paper, a Fuzzy based congestion control is talked about to manage the congestion control issue. The exhibition of the controlled framework is assessed by means of reenactment

From Intramolecular (Circular) in an Isolated Molecule to Intermolecular Hole Delocalization in a Two‐Dimensional Solid‐State Assembly: The Case of Pillarene

To achieve long‐range charge transport/separation and, in turn, bolster the efficiency of modern photovoltaic devices, new molecular scaffolds are needed that can self‐assemble in two‐dimensional (2D) arrays while maintaining both intra‐ and intermolecular electronic coupling. In an isolated molecule of pillarene, a single hole delocalizes intramolecularly via hopping amongst the circularly arrayed hydroquinone ether rings. The crystallization of pillarene cation radical produces a 2D self‐assembly with three intermolecular dimeric (sandwich‐like) contacts. Surprisingly, each pillarene in the crystal lattice bears a fractional formal charge of +1.5. This unusual stoichiometry of oxidized pillarene in crystals arises from effective charge distribution within the 2D array via an interplay of intra‐ and intermolecular electronic couplings. This important finding is expected to help advance the rational design of efficient solid‐state materials for long‐range charge transfer

Meander Line Antenna for LTE Communications

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a fourth generation standard for wireless communications of high data speed at the user terminal. This evolved technology needs a cutting edge system component to be designed for the node B (Base station) and the user mobile device. In any wireless device, the perform ance of radio communications depends on the design of an efficient antenna. Achieving Long Term Evolution (LTE) frequency bands (the second generation (2G), third generation (3G), and the proposed fourth generation (4G) frequency bands) using a small - size antenna in a compact device remains a major technical challenge. Antenna is an inseparable part of these systems. Meander line antenna is the most usage of antenna that use in design of these applications. The Objective of Paper is to design a meander line antenna for WLAN application that is 2.4 GHz has been achieved. The meander line microstrip antenna has been designed, constructed, and measured. The microstrip element is quarter wavelength at the design frequency. The properties of antenna like return l oss, bandwidth and radiation pattern have been measured. The design starts with calculation of dimension like the width, effective dielectric constant of microstrip line and length of antenna. Thus by using HFSS Version 11 the antenna has been designed and simulated. As the result, the antenna can radiate the signal at WLAN frequency and provide good return loss bandwidth and sufficient gain. The antenna can operate less than - 10db that is 2.4GHz with at s11 measured at - 35.5 db.After finish with the simulat ion, the design has been fabricated on FR4 substrate using the etching technique. Finally the design has been tested with network analyz

X-ray Structural Characterization of Charge Delocalization onto the Three Equivalent Benzenoid Rings in Hexamethoxytriptycene Cation Radical

Definitive X-ray crystallographic evidence is obtained for a single hole (or a polaron) to be uniformly distributed on the three equivalent 1,2-dimethoxybenzenoid (or veratrole) rings in the hexamethoxytriptycene cation radical. This conclusion is further supported by electrochemical analysis and by the observation of an intense near-IR transition in its electronic spectrum, as well as by comparison of the spectral and electrochemical characteristics with the model compounds containing one and two dimethoxybenzene rings

A Novel Method for Acquisition of Crowdedness in City using Mobility Clustering

Detecting crowdedness spots of moving vehicles in an urban area is absolutely required to many smart city applications. The practical investigation on crowdedness spots in smart city offerings many unique features, such as highly mobile environments, the non-uniform biased samples, and limited size of sample objects. The traditional density-based clustering algorithms flop to capture the actual clustering property of objects, making the outputs meaningless. Mobility-based clustering is non-density-based approach. The basic idea is that sample objects are hired as “sensors” to recognize the vehicle crowdedness in nearby areas using their instant mobility, rather than the “object representatives”. As such the mobility of samples is certainly incorporated. Several important factors beyond the vehicle crowdedness have been identified and techniques to remunerate these effects are proposed. Furthermore, taking the identified crowdedness spots as a label of the taxi, so identify one individual taxi to be a crowdedness taxi that crosses a number of different crowdedness spots. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150613