Implementasi Program Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Rakyat Melalui Program Mamangun Tuntang Mahaga Lewu (Pm2l) (Studi Kasus Di Dua Desa Tertinggal Di Kalimantan Tengah)

This study aims to determine the implementation of the program of economic empowerment of the people through the program mamangun Tuntang mahaga Lewu (PM2L). Writing method used is qualitative. This method was chosen because it examines the phenomenon of something in more depth, and more able to understand the phenomenon that until now has not been known. Through this study were obtained in the implementation of key information that PM2L are several stages to go through the stage of coordination, socialization, implementation of the action, coaching, monitoring and evaluation. In general, the stages through which it has not been optimal program implementation in practice, especially in terms of stages of development

Change of naïve and MP T cell populations in <i>Hoxb4</i> transgenic and wt mice with age.

<p>Scatter plots showing the percentage of (<b>A</b>) CD4 and (<b>B</b>) CD8 T cells that are naïve (CD44^lo/CD62L^hi), MP (CD44^hi) or are a subpopulation of MP T cells (CD44^hi/Ly6C^hi) for LN, Spl and BM derived from individual <i>Hoxb4</i> transgenic and wt (n = 6–8) age matched mice. Young mice are between 3–4 months and old mice are all older than 28 months. Naïve and MP populations change significantly with age, but not between <i>Hoxb4</i> and wt mice. *P<0.05, 2-tailed Student ttest. MP = memory phenotype, Wt = wild type, LN = lymph node, Spl = spleen and BM = bone marrow.</p

Competitive short-term homeostatic proliferations (7 days) of <i>Hoxb4</i> transgenic and wt CD4 MP T cells.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Scheme of the experimental approach. CD4 MP T cells are sorted from CellTrace™ Violet (CTV) labelled cells isolated from LN and Spl of <i>Hoxb4</i> (CD45.1/2) and congenic wt (CD45.1) mice. Cells of both genotypes are transplanted in a 1∶1 ratio in CD3ε^−/− (CD45.2) mice. (<b>B</b>) FACS profiles showing <i>Hoxb4</i> and wt fractions to donor derived CD4 MP T population (CD45.1) in LN (left panel). Representative FACS profiles for CD62L and CTV on <i>Hoxb4</i> and wt populations. Loss of CTV tracer indicates that most cells are dividing rapidly (right panels). (<b>C</b>) Average contribution (%) of <i>Hoxb4</i> and wt cells to donor derived MP T cells in LN, Spl and BM (n = 3). (<b>D</b>) Percentage of CD62L^hi MP T cells in <i>Hoxb4</i> and wt population found in lymphoid organs. *P<0.05; paired 2-tailed Student ttest. Wt = wild type, MP = memory phenotype, LN = lymph node, Spl = spleen and BM = bone marrow.</p

Percentage of T cell populations in hematopoietic organs of young adult mice.

<p>Note that no significant differences were observed between T cell populations of <i>Hoxb4</i> and wild type mice. 1-tailed Student ttest, comparing <i>Hoxb4</i> vs. wild type mice. LN = Lymph node; BM = bone marrow.</p

CD40-B cell immunization generates effectors expressing similar level of T-bet and Blimp-1, higher level of Eomes and lower amount of Bcl-6.

<p>A. Expression of T-bet, Eomes and Bcl-6 by CD8⁺ Te cells generated following CD40-B cell and DC immunizations. Four days post-immunization with 2×10⁶ CD40-B cells or DCs matured with LPS and loaded with the OVA peptide, Te cells were stained intracellularily with antibodies against T-bet, Eomes and Bcl-6 transcription factors. The representative overlay histogram shows expression of the transcription factor by endogenous T cells (CD8⁺CD45.2⁻) and OVA-specific Te cells (CD8⁺CD45.2⁺). The MFI is shown on each overlay, the upper bold number indicates the MFI of OVA-specific effectors (CD8⁺CD45.2⁺) while the lower number is for the endogenous population (CD8⁺CD45.2⁻). B. Quantification of the level of expression of T-bet, Eomes and Bcl-6. The histograms shows the MFI of expression for T-bet, Eomes and Bcl-6 by OVA-specific CD8⁺ Te cells (CD8⁺CD45.2⁺) normalized to the MFI of endogenous CD8⁺ T cells (CD8⁺CD45.2⁻). The results are from at least 2 independent experiments. C. Similar expression of Blimp-1 by OVA-specific Te cells following CD40-B cell or DC immunization. At the peak of the response (d4), Te cells were sorted (CD8⁺CD45.2⁺) from spleen to extract RNA. The relative expression of Blimp-1 was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Expression relative to a reference sample is shown. Results are from 4 independent experiments. * p<0.05 and *** p<0.001.</p

CD40-B cells have an activated phenotype.

<p>After 3 d of culture on murine 3T3-CD40L fibroblasts, CD40-B cells were matured or not with LPS (1 µg/mL) or CpG (2 mM) for 24 h (CD40-B LPS and CD40-B CpG). Freshly isolated splenocytes were used as a naïve B cell control. The histogram bars show the mean of fluorescence intensity (MFI) +/− standard deviation of the mean (SEM) for the expression of CD86, CD80, CD62L, CD40, K^b and I-A^b gated on the CD19⁺ population. The results are pooled from at least three independent experiments except for CD40 expression on B cells (n = 2). * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 and *** p<0.001.</p

Effectors generated with CD40-B cell immunization contract more rapidly than the one obtained with DC immunization.

<p>A. Contraction of the OVA-specific CD8⁺ T cell response. Mice were immunized as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0030139#pone-0030139-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>. Lymph nodes were surgically removed at 4, 7, 10 and >30 days post-immunization. Cells were stained to determine the percentage of Te cells generated. The graph shows the percentage of remaining Te cells (CD8⁺CD45.2⁺) over time relative to the peak of the response (d4). B. Effectors generated with CD40-B cell and DC immunization express similar amount of Bcl-2 during the course of the CD8⁺ T cell response. The MFI of Bcl-2 for OVA-specific CD8⁺ Te cells was normalized to the MFI of endogenous CD8⁺ T cells to obtain a MFI ratio. 3 independent experiments. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 and *** p<0.001.</p

Total donor cells contribution to hematopoietic organs and the proportion of <i>Hoxb4</i> versus wild type cells.

<p>LN = Lymph node; BM = bone marrow, wt = wild type.</p

Medium-term competitive homeostatic proliferations (60 days) of <i>Hoxb4</i> transgenic and wt CD4 MP T cells.

<p>(<b>A</b>) FACS profile showing fractions of <i>Hoxb4</i> and wt cells to donor derived MP T population in lymph node (LN). (<b>B</b>) Stacked bar graphs indicating the average contributions of <i>Hoxb4</i> and wt cells in LN, Spl and BM measured in three independent experiments; n = 9. (<b>C</b>) FACS profiles for the expression of typical memory T cell surface markers on <i>Hoxb4</i> and wt MP T cells in the BM. (<b>D</b>) Average subpopulations of <i>Hoxb4</i> and wt MP T cells expressing the indicated surface markers in LN (upper panel), Spl (middle panel) and BM (lower panel). (<b>E</b>) Percentage of <i>Hoxb4</i> and wt MP T cells (gated on CD44^hi) positive for indicated cytokines (n = 3–6). *P<0.05, 2-tailed Student ttest. MP = memory phenotype, wt = wild type, LN = lymph node, Spl = spleen and BM = bone marrow, TNF = tumor necrosis factor; IL-2 = interleukine-2; IFN = interferon.</p

Long-term competitive homeostatic proliferations (180 days) of <i>Hoxb4</i> transgenic and wt CD4 cells.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Scheme of serial transplantations. 10×10⁶ cells of the LNs of primary hosts that received a transplant composed of equal doses of <i>Hoxb4</i> and wt MP T cells were serially transplanted into secondary and tertiary hosts with a 60 days interval. (<b>B</b>) Compilation of <i>Hoxb4</i> and wt fractions of donor derived cells in LN, Spl and BM of secondary (n = 6) and tertiary hosts (n = 4) from two independent experiments. (<b>C</b>) Bar graphs showing the average percentage of cells positive for CD62L and Ly6C within the <i>Hoxb4</i> or wt memory T populations. *P<0.05, 2-tailed Student ttest. Wt = wild type, MP = memory phenotype, LN = lymph node, Spl = spleen and BM = bone marrow.</p