168 research outputs found
Ethyl 1-sec-butyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate
In the title compound, C20H21FN2O2, the benzene ring and the benzimidazole ring system are inclined at a dihedral angle of 44.40 (9)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a zigzag chain along the b-axis direction. An intramolecular C—H⋯π interaction is also observed
Raw Meat and Antibiotic Resistance: A Comprehensive Study on Prevalence of Pathogens in Food Animals
This review examines the use of antimicrobial agents in food animals and their impact on human health, particularly the emergence and spread of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). While antimicrobial agents are commonly used in food animal production to prevent and treat bacterial infections, overuse has been linked to AMR. Various strategies to reduce antimicrobial use in food animals, including vaccines, improved animal husbandry practices, and alternative therapies, are discussed. However, the review acknowledges the limitations of these strategies, such as cost-effectiveness and potential unintended consequences. Information on the percentage of antimicrobial use and resistance in food animals is provided for different classes of antibiotics. The percentages of use and resistance vary among these classes, with tetracyclines having the highest percentage of use and erythromycin and tylosin having the highest percentage of resistance. The review cites studies on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in food animals, including Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chickens in the UK and Egypt. The review highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to reducing antimicrobial use in food animals and controlling the spread of AMR, including implementing more effective regulatory policies, promoting responsible use of antimicrobial agents, and developing alternative therapies and management practices. Overall, the review emphasizes the importance of addressing the issue of AMR in food animals to preserve the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents for both animal and human health
Ethyl 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate monohydrate
In the title molecule, C19H20N2O4·H2O, the benzimidazole ring system is essentially planar [maximum deviation = 0.013 (11) Å] and is inclined to the 4-methoxyphenyl ring by 30.98 (5)°. In the crystal, O—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds involving the water molecule link neighbouring molecules, forming a two-dimensional network lying parallel to the bc plane. There are also C—H⋯π and π–π interactions present. The latter involve inversion-related benzimidazole rings with centroid–centroid distances of 3.5552 (8) and 3.7466 (8) Å
Ethyl 1-sec-butyl-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate 0.25-hydrate
In the title compound, C20H22N2O3·0.25H2O, the water molecule (occupancy 0.25) is disordered across a crystallographic inversion center. The dihedral angle between the hydroxyphenyl ring and the benzimidazole ring system is 59.31 (9)°. In the crystal structure, molecules are connected by intermolecular O—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure is further stabilized by a weak C—H⋯π interaction involving the imidazole ring
Ethyl 1-sec-butyl-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate
In the title compound, C20H21ClN2O2, the ethyl 1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate ring system, excluding the methylene and methyl H atoms, is almost planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.055 (1) Å, and makes a dihedral angle of 40.63 (4)° with the benzene ring. The sec-butyl group is disordered over two positions, with refined site occupancies of 0.855 (4) and 0.145 (4). In the crystal, molecules are linked into chains along [010] via intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and are further interconnected by C—H⋯Cl interactions into two-dimensional networks parallel to (001). The crystal structure is further consolidated by C—H⋯π interactions
Ethyl 1-sec-butyl-2-p-tolyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate
In the title compound, C21H24N2O2, the butyl group is disordered over two orientations with refined site occupancies of 0.883 (3) and 0.117 (3). The dihedral angle between the mean plane of benzimidazole ring system and the benzene ring is 39.32 (4)° and the dihedral angle between the mean plane of carboxylate group and the benzimidazole ring system is 6.87 (5)°. A weak intramolecular C—H⋯π interaction may have some influence on the conformation of the molecule. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked into infinite chains along the b axis by weak intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds
Ethyl 2-(4-bromophenyl)-1-sec-butyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate
In the title compound, C20H21BrN2O2, the bromophenyl ring is twisted by 40.13 (8)° from the benzimidazole mean plane and the Br atom deviates by 0.753 (1) Å from that plane. The sec-butyl group is disordered over two conformations in a 0.898 (5):0.102 (5) ratio. In the crystal, molecules related by translation along [10] are linked into chains via weak C—H⋯Br hydrogen bonds
Ethyl 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-p-tolyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C19H20N2O3, contains two molecules (A and B) with slightly different orientations of the ethyl groups with respect to the attached carboxylate groups. Intramolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate S(8) ring motifs in both molecules A and B. In each molecule, the benzimidazole ring system is essentially planar, with maximum deviations of 0.023 (1) and 0.020 (1) Å, respectively, for molecules A and B. The dihedral angle between the benzimidazole ring system and the phenyl ring is 37.34 (5)° for molecule A and 42.42 (5)° for molecule B. In the crystal, O—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into [100] columns with a cross-section of two-molecule by two-molecule wide, and further stabilization is provided by weak C—H⋯π and π–π interactions [centroid separations = 3.5207 (7) and 3.6314 (8) Å]
Cyanobacteria as a Source of Biodegradable Plastics
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a group of biopolymers produced from various microorganisms that attracted many researchers for their use as a substitute for conventional petrochemical plastics. PHA possesses similar material properties to petrochemical plastics with the added benefits of biocompatibility, biodegradability, hydrophobicity, thermoplasticity, piezoelectricity, and stereospecificity. The first discovery of PHA production in cyanobacteria was in 1969, and the commercialization of PHA produced from cyanobacteria is not feasible to date. The difficulty with the commercial production of cyanobacterial PHA is due to the low biomass production and lower PHA accumulation than the heterotrophic bacteria. The biosynthesis of PHA, production of cyanobacterial PHA, and strategies to improve the production of PHA and commercialization are discussed in this chapter
5-Fluoro-6′H,7′H,8′H-spiro[indoline-3,7′-pyrano[3,2-c:5,6-c′]di-1-benzopyran]-2,6′,8′-trione
In the title compound, C26H12FNO6, the central pyran ring and both benzopyran systems are nonplanar, having total puckering amplitudes of 0.139 (2), 0.050 (1) and 0.112 (2) Å, respectively. The central pyran ring adopts a boat conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by C—H⋯O, N—H⋯O, N—H⋯F and C—H⋯π interactions
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