Cytogenetic and molecular study of A. scabripinnis (Jenyns, 1842) and Deuterodon pedri EIGENMANN, 1908 (Teleostei, CHARACIDAE) the upper river Santo Antonio, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Os Characiformes compõem uma das maiores ordens de peixes, possuindo mais de 1.600 espécies na América do Sul, subdivididas em cerca de 16 famílias. A maioria das famílias dessa ordem possui evidências de monofilia, mas não há consenso sobre a monofilia de Characidae. Dentre as dezenas de espécies incertae sedis dessa família, estão Astyanax scabripinnis e Deuterodon pedri. O gênero Astyanax é bastante especioso e amplamente distribuído. Apesar de muitas populações já terem estudos citogenéticos, apenas 18 espécies possuem cariótipos descritos, e até agora não verificou-se a existência de cromossomos sexuais. A. scabripinnis é uma espécie amplamente estudada, caracterizada por grandes divergências morfológicas e citogenéticas. A maioria dos estudos dessa espécie ocorreu nas bacias do Paraná e do São Francisco. Deuterodon possui poucas espécies, e as espécies presentes no Sul do Brasil têm sido propostas como membros de um clado monofilético. Poucos trabalhos foram feitos com D. pedri, espécie endêmica do rio Santo Antônio, e sua filogenia -assim como os de muitos Characidae - é bastante controversa. O rio Santo Antônio abriga diversas espécies de peixes, incluindo populações simpátricas de A. scabripinnis e D. pedri. As técnicas citogenéticas (coloração convencional, Ag-NOR, banda C e FISH) evidenciaram a existência de cromossomos sexuais em A. scabripinnis - primeiro caso no gênero, e os dados moleculares corroboraram a definição dessa população como uma unidade evolucionária distinta. Os resultados das técnicas citogenéticas (coloração convencional, Ag- NOR, banda C e FISH) realizadas em D. pedri foram similares aos encontrados em D. stigmaturus. Os cladogramas gerados a partir dos genes COI e RAG2 sugerem que D. pedri está relacionado com Deuterodon singularis e com outras espécies do mesmo gênero, assim como com outros gêneros de distribuição costeira. Ambos os resultados moleculares podem ser explicados por processos de variações eustáticas do mar, assim como por capturas de cabeceira entre as drenagens costeiras com drenagens continentais.Characiformes comprise one of the largest Orders of fish , with more than 1,600 species in South America, divided into about 16 families. Most families of this Order has evidence of monophyly , but there is no consensus on the monophyly of Characidae. Among the dozens of incertae sedis species of this family are Astyanax scabripinnis and Deuterodon pedri. The genus Astyanax is quite specious and widely distributed. Although many populations have cytogenetic studies, only 18 species have described karyotypes, and so no sex chromosomes have been detected. A. scabripinnis is a widely studied species, characterized by large morphological and cytogenetic divergences . Most studies of this kind occurred in Paraná and São Francisco basins. Deuterodon has few species , and the species present in southern Brazil have been proposed as members of a monophyletic clade . Few studies were done with D. pedri, an endemic species of the river Santo Antônio, and phylogeny, as well as many Characidae - is quite controversial. The Santo Antônio River harbours several species of fish, including sympatric populations of A. scabripinnis and D. pedri. Cytogenetic techniques (conventional staining, Ag-NOR, C-band and FISH) revealed the existence of sex chromosomes in A. scabripinnis - the first case of its kind, and molecular data corroborated the definition of this population as a distinct evolutionary unit. The results of cytogenetic techniques (conventional staining, Ag-NOR, C-band and FISH) performed on D. pedri were similar to those found in D. stigmaturus. Cladograms generated from the COI and RAG2 genes suggests that D. pedri is associated with Deuterodon singularis and other species of the same genus, as well as other genus of coastal distribution. Both molecular results can be explained by processes of eustatic variations of the sea as well as by catch bedside between coastal drainages with continental drainages .Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2007

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2008

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq